The Fear of War Scale (FOWARS): Development and Initial Validation
The emergence of the Ukraine-Russia war in 2022 led to fear, worry and anxiety among individuals, mostly in the immediate neighboring countries of Ukraine. The purpose of the present study was to develop the fear of war scale (FOWARS), aiming to fill the gap in the literature that currently is scarc...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-05-01
|
| Series: | Social Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/12/5/283 |
| _version_ | 1797598287824420864 |
|---|---|
| author | Kinga Kalcza-Janosi Ibolya Kotta Eszter Eniko Marschalko Kinga Szabo |
| author_facet | Kinga Kalcza-Janosi Ibolya Kotta Eszter Eniko Marschalko Kinga Szabo |
| author_sort | Kinga Kalcza-Janosi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The emergence of the Ukraine-Russia war in 2022 led to fear, worry and anxiety among individuals, mostly in the immediate neighboring countries of Ukraine. The purpose of the present study was to develop the fear of war scale (FOWARS), aiming to fill the gap in the literature that currently is scarce in valid assessment tools for measuring the fear of war. The sample of the study consisted of N = 1131 participants (<i>n</i> = 670 for group A, for EFA and <i>n</i> = 461 for group B, for CFA). Hungarian speaking participants, mainly from Romania and Hungary. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) evinced a two-factor model of the newly developed scale, and the final version fulfilled the criteria of the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The 13-items FOWARS has robust psychometric properties and proves to be appropriate for a fear of war assessment in the general population. The phenomenon is measured by two factors, namely experiential and physiological dimensions of fear. The scale is available in the present paper in two languages: English and Hungarian. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:19:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4f66d11e736146e8b78fffcdef64b9a3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0760 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:19:19Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Social Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-4f66d11e736146e8b78fffcdef64b9a32023-11-18T03:17:19ZengMDPI AGSocial Sciences2076-07602023-05-0112528310.3390/socsci12050283The Fear of War Scale (FOWARS): Development and Initial ValidationKinga Kalcza-Janosi0Ibolya Kotta1Eszter Eniko Marschalko2Kinga Szabo3Applied Psychology Department, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Babeş-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaApplied Psychology Department, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Babeş-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaApplied Psychology Department, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Babeş-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaApplied Psychology Department, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Babeş-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaThe emergence of the Ukraine-Russia war in 2022 led to fear, worry and anxiety among individuals, mostly in the immediate neighboring countries of Ukraine. The purpose of the present study was to develop the fear of war scale (FOWARS), aiming to fill the gap in the literature that currently is scarce in valid assessment tools for measuring the fear of war. The sample of the study consisted of N = 1131 participants (<i>n</i> = 670 for group A, for EFA and <i>n</i> = 461 for group B, for CFA). Hungarian speaking participants, mainly from Romania and Hungary. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) evinced a two-factor model of the newly developed scale, and the final version fulfilled the criteria of the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The 13-items FOWARS has robust psychometric properties and proves to be appropriate for a fear of war assessment in the general population. The phenomenon is measured by two factors, namely experiential and physiological dimensions of fear. The scale is available in the present paper in two languages: English and Hungarian.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/12/5/283fearwarexperientialphysiological |
| spellingShingle | Kinga Kalcza-Janosi Ibolya Kotta Eszter Eniko Marschalko Kinga Szabo The Fear of War Scale (FOWARS): Development and Initial Validation Social Sciences fear war experiential physiological |
| title | The Fear of War Scale (FOWARS): Development and Initial Validation |
| title_full | The Fear of War Scale (FOWARS): Development and Initial Validation |
| title_fullStr | The Fear of War Scale (FOWARS): Development and Initial Validation |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Fear of War Scale (FOWARS): Development and Initial Validation |
| title_short | The Fear of War Scale (FOWARS): Development and Initial Validation |
| title_sort | fear of war scale fowars development and initial validation |
| topic | fear war experiential physiological |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/12/5/283 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kingakalczajanosi thefearofwarscalefowarsdevelopmentandinitialvalidation AT ibolyakotta thefearofwarscalefowarsdevelopmentandinitialvalidation AT eszterenikomarschalko thefearofwarscalefowarsdevelopmentandinitialvalidation AT kingaszabo thefearofwarscalefowarsdevelopmentandinitialvalidation AT kingakalczajanosi fearofwarscalefowarsdevelopmentandinitialvalidation AT ibolyakotta fearofwarscalefowarsdevelopmentandinitialvalidation AT eszterenikomarschalko fearofwarscalefowarsdevelopmentandinitialvalidation AT kingaszabo fearofwarscalefowarsdevelopmentandinitialvalidation |