Antifungal Activities of Wood and Non-Wood Kraft Handsheets Treated with <i>Melia azedarach</i> Extract Using SEM and HPLC Analyses
The main objective of this work was to evaluate pulp produced by kraft cooking for wood materials (WMT) (<i>Bougainvillea spectabilis</i>, <i>Ficus altissima</i>, and <i>F. elastica</i>) and non-wood materials (NWMT) (<i>Sorghum bicolor</i> and <i&g...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-06-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/12/2012 |
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| author | Mohamed Z. M. Salem Saqer S. Alotaibi Wael A. A. Abo Elgat Ayman S. Taha Yahia G. D. Fares Ahmed M. El-Shehawi Rehab Y. Ghareeb |
| author_facet | Mohamed Z. M. Salem Saqer S. Alotaibi Wael A. A. Abo Elgat Ayman S. Taha Yahia G. D. Fares Ahmed M. El-Shehawi Rehab Y. Ghareeb |
| author_sort | Mohamed Z. M. Salem |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The main objective of this work was to evaluate pulp produced by kraft cooking for wood materials (WMT) (<i>Bougainvillea spectabilis</i>, <i>Ficus altissima</i>, and <i>F. elastica</i>) and non-wood materials (NWMT) (<i>Sorghum bicolor</i> and <i>Zea mays</i> stalks) and to study the fungal activity of handsheets treated with <i>Melia azedarach</i> heartwood extract (MAHE) solutions. Through the aforementioned analyses, the ideal cooking conditions were determined for each raw material based on the lignin percentage present. After cooking, pulp showed a decrease in the Kappa number produced from WMT, ranging from 16 to 17. This was in contrast with NWMT, which had Kappa numbers ranging from 31 to 35. A difference in the optical properties of the pulp produced from WMT was also observed (18 to 29%) compared with pulp produced from NWMT (32.66 to 35.35%). As for the evaluation of the mechanical properties, the tensile index of the pulp ranged from 30.5 to 40 N·m/g for WMT and from 44.33 to 47.43 N·m/g for NWMT; the tear index ranged from 1.66 to 2.55 mN·m<sup>2</sup>/g for WMT and from 4.75 to 5.87 mN·m<sup>2</sup>/g for NWMT; and the burst index ranged from 2.35 to 2.85 kPa·m<sup>2</sup>/g for WMT and from 3.92 to 4.76 kPa·m<sup>2</sup>/g for NWMT. Finally, the double fold number was 3 compared with that of pulp produced from pulp, which showed good values ranging from 36 to 55. In the SEM examination, sheets produced from treated handsheets with extract from MAHE showed no growth of <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> over paper discs manufactured from <i>B. speclabilis</i> pulp wood. Pulp paper produced from <i>Z. mays</i> and <i>S. bicolor</i> stalks was treated with 1% MAHE, while pulp paper from <i>F. elastica</i> was treated with 0.50% and 1% MAHE. With the addition of 0.5 or 1% MAHE, <i>Fusarium culmorum</i> showed no increase in growth over the paper manufactured from <i>B. speclabilis</i>, <i>F. altissima</i>, <i>F. elastica</i> and <i>Zea mays</i> pulps with visual inhibition zones found. There was almost no growth of <i>S. solani</i> in paper discs manufactured from pulps treated with 1% MAHE. This is probably due to the phytochemical compounds present in the extract. The HPLC analysis of MAHE identified <i>p</i>-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeine, rutin, chlorogenic acid, benzoic acid, quinol, and quercetin as the main compounds, and these were present in concentrations of 3966.88, 1032.67, 834.13, 767.81, 660.64, 594.86, and 460.36 mg/Kg extract, respectively. Additionally, due to the importance of making paper from agricultural waste (stalks of <i>S. bicolor</i> and <i>Z. mays</i>), the development of sorghum and corn with high biomass is suggested. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:14:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4f82a2c19a9d42f1b66f45aed5987412 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:14:34Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-4f82a2c19a9d42f1b66f45aed59874122023-11-22T00:55:38ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602021-06-011312201210.3390/polym13122012Antifungal Activities of Wood and Non-Wood Kraft Handsheets Treated with <i>Melia azedarach</i> Extract Using SEM and HPLC AnalysesMohamed Z. M. Salem0Saqer S. Alotaibi1Wael A. A. Abo Elgat2Ayman S. Taha3Yahia G. D. Fares4Ahmed M. El-Shehawi5Rehab Y. Ghareeb6Forestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, EgyptDepartment of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi ArabiaRestoration Department, High Institute of Tourism, Hotel Management and Restoration, Abukir, Alexandria 21526, EgyptConservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, EgyptLaboratory and Research, Misr Edfu Pulp Writing and Printing Paper Co. (MEPPCO), Aswan 81656, EgyptDepartment of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi ArabiaPlant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute (ALCRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SARTA, City), New Borg El Arab City, Alexandria 21934, EgyptThe main objective of this work was to evaluate pulp produced by kraft cooking for wood materials (WMT) (<i>Bougainvillea spectabilis</i>, <i>Ficus altissima</i>, and <i>F. elastica</i>) and non-wood materials (NWMT) (<i>Sorghum bicolor</i> and <i>Zea mays</i> stalks) and to study the fungal activity of handsheets treated with <i>Melia azedarach</i> heartwood extract (MAHE) solutions. Through the aforementioned analyses, the ideal cooking conditions were determined for each raw material based on the lignin percentage present. After cooking, pulp showed a decrease in the Kappa number produced from WMT, ranging from 16 to 17. This was in contrast with NWMT, which had Kappa numbers ranging from 31 to 35. A difference in the optical properties of the pulp produced from WMT was also observed (18 to 29%) compared with pulp produced from NWMT (32.66 to 35.35%). As for the evaluation of the mechanical properties, the tensile index of the pulp ranged from 30.5 to 40 N·m/g for WMT and from 44.33 to 47.43 N·m/g for NWMT; the tear index ranged from 1.66 to 2.55 mN·m<sup>2</sup>/g for WMT and from 4.75 to 5.87 mN·m<sup>2</sup>/g for NWMT; and the burst index ranged from 2.35 to 2.85 kPa·m<sup>2</sup>/g for WMT and from 3.92 to 4.76 kPa·m<sup>2</sup>/g for NWMT. Finally, the double fold number was 3 compared with that of pulp produced from pulp, which showed good values ranging from 36 to 55. In the SEM examination, sheets produced from treated handsheets with extract from MAHE showed no growth of <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> over paper discs manufactured from <i>B. speclabilis</i> pulp wood. Pulp paper produced from <i>Z. mays</i> and <i>S. bicolor</i> stalks was treated with 1% MAHE, while pulp paper from <i>F. elastica</i> was treated with 0.50% and 1% MAHE. With the addition of 0.5 or 1% MAHE, <i>Fusarium culmorum</i> showed no increase in growth over the paper manufactured from <i>B. speclabilis</i>, <i>F. altissima</i>, <i>F. elastica</i> and <i>Zea mays</i> pulps with visual inhibition zones found. There was almost no growth of <i>S. solani</i> in paper discs manufactured from pulps treated with 1% MAHE. This is probably due to the phytochemical compounds present in the extract. The HPLC analysis of MAHE identified <i>p</i>-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeine, rutin, chlorogenic acid, benzoic acid, quinol, and quercetin as the main compounds, and these were present in concentrations of 3966.88, 1032.67, 834.13, 767.81, 660.64, 594.86, and 460.36 mg/Kg extract, respectively. Additionally, due to the importance of making paper from agricultural waste (stalks of <i>S. bicolor</i> and <i>Z. mays</i>), the development of sorghum and corn with high biomass is suggested.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/12/2012handsheet propertieswood and non-wood raw materialsantifungal activitypulping<i>Melia azedarach</i> heartwood extract |
| spellingShingle | Mohamed Z. M. Salem Saqer S. Alotaibi Wael A. A. Abo Elgat Ayman S. Taha Yahia G. D. Fares Ahmed M. El-Shehawi Rehab Y. Ghareeb Antifungal Activities of Wood and Non-Wood Kraft Handsheets Treated with <i>Melia azedarach</i> Extract Using SEM and HPLC Analyses Polymers handsheet properties wood and non-wood raw materials antifungal activity pulping <i>Melia azedarach</i> heartwood extract |
| title | Antifungal Activities of Wood and Non-Wood Kraft Handsheets Treated with <i>Melia azedarach</i> Extract Using SEM and HPLC Analyses |
| title_full | Antifungal Activities of Wood and Non-Wood Kraft Handsheets Treated with <i>Melia azedarach</i> Extract Using SEM and HPLC Analyses |
| title_fullStr | Antifungal Activities of Wood and Non-Wood Kraft Handsheets Treated with <i>Melia azedarach</i> Extract Using SEM and HPLC Analyses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antifungal Activities of Wood and Non-Wood Kraft Handsheets Treated with <i>Melia azedarach</i> Extract Using SEM and HPLC Analyses |
| title_short | Antifungal Activities of Wood and Non-Wood Kraft Handsheets Treated with <i>Melia azedarach</i> Extract Using SEM and HPLC Analyses |
| title_sort | antifungal activities of wood and non wood kraft handsheets treated with i melia azedarach i extract using sem and hplc analyses |
| topic | handsheet properties wood and non-wood raw materials antifungal activity pulping <i>Melia azedarach</i> heartwood extract |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/12/2012 |
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