Conceptual model of the Şavşat (Artvin/NE Turkey) Geothermal Field developed with hydrogeochemical, isotopic, and geophysical studies
Abstract The Şavşat (Artvin, Turkey) Geothermal Field (ŞGF) is located on the northeastern border of Turkey. This field is characterized by thermal and mineralized springs and travertine. The temperature of the thermal water is 36 °C, whereas that of the mineralized spring in the area is approximate...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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SpringerOpen
2019-05-01
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| Series: | Geothermal Energy |
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| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40517-019-0128-5 |
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| author | Fatma Gültekin Esra Hatipoğlu Temizel Ali Erden Babacan M. Ziya Kırmacı Arzu Fırat Ersoy B. Melih Subaşı |
| author_facet | Fatma Gültekin Esra Hatipoğlu Temizel Ali Erden Babacan M. Ziya Kırmacı Arzu Fırat Ersoy B. Melih Subaşı |
| author_sort | Fatma Gültekin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The Şavşat (Artvin, Turkey) Geothermal Field (ŞGF) is located on the northeastern border of Turkey. This field is characterized by thermal and mineralized springs and travertine. The temperature of the thermal water is 36 °C, whereas that of the mineralized spring in the area is approximately 11 °C. The Na–HCO3–Cl-type thermal water has a pH value of 6.83 and an EC value of 5731 µS/cm. The aim of this study is to characterize the geothermal system by using geological, geophysical, and hydrogeochemical data and to determine its hydrochemical properties. A conceptual hydrogeological model is developed for the hydrogeological flow system in the ŞGF. According to the hydrogeological conceptual model created by geological, geophysical, and hydrogeochemical studies, the reservoir comprises volcanogenic sandstone and volcanic rocks. The cap rock for the geothermal system is composed of turbiditic deposits consisting of mudstone–siltstone–sandstone alternations. An increase in the geothermal gradient is mainly due to Pleistocene volcanic activity in the field. The isotopic values of thermal water (δ18O, δ2H, δ3H) indicate a deeply circulating meteoric origin. The estimated reservoir temperature calculated by silica geothermometers is 100–150 °C, and the mixing rate of cold groundwater with geothermal waters is approximately 70%. It may be possible to obtain warmer fluids from a 300-m-deep borehole cutting through a fracture zone identified by geophysical studies. Heating by conduction via the geothermal gradient resulting from young volcanic activity drives geothermal waters upwards along faults and fractures that act as hydrothermal pathways. The positive δ13CVPDB value (+ 4.31‰) indicates a metamorphic origin for the thermal water. The 34SCDT value (~ 10‰) shows that the sulfur in the geothermal water is derived from volcanic sulfur (SO2). |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T13:42:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4fa70b263d4c4237841edeed2063bb23 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2195-9706 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T13:42:16Z |
| publishDate | 2019-05-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Geothermal Energy |
| spelling | doaj.art-4fa70b263d4c4237841edeed2063bb232022-12-22T02:44:35ZengSpringerOpenGeothermal Energy2195-97062019-05-017112610.1186/s40517-019-0128-5Conceptual model of the Şavşat (Artvin/NE Turkey) Geothermal Field developed with hydrogeochemical, isotopic, and geophysical studiesFatma Gültekin0Esra Hatipoğlu Temizel1Ali Erden Babacan2M. Ziya Kırmacı3Arzu Fırat Ersoy4B. Melih Subaşı5Geological Engineering Department, Karadeniz Technical UniversityGeological Engineering Department, Karadeniz Technical UniversityGeophysical Engineering Department, Karadeniz Technical UniversityGeological Engineering Department, Karadeniz Technical UniversityGeological Engineering Department, Karadeniz Technical UniversityGeological Engineering Department, Karadeniz Technical UniversityAbstract The Şavşat (Artvin, Turkey) Geothermal Field (ŞGF) is located on the northeastern border of Turkey. This field is characterized by thermal and mineralized springs and travertine. The temperature of the thermal water is 36 °C, whereas that of the mineralized spring in the area is approximately 11 °C. The Na–HCO3–Cl-type thermal water has a pH value of 6.83 and an EC value of 5731 µS/cm. The aim of this study is to characterize the geothermal system by using geological, geophysical, and hydrogeochemical data and to determine its hydrochemical properties. A conceptual hydrogeological model is developed for the hydrogeological flow system in the ŞGF. According to the hydrogeological conceptual model created by geological, geophysical, and hydrogeochemical studies, the reservoir comprises volcanogenic sandstone and volcanic rocks. The cap rock for the geothermal system is composed of turbiditic deposits consisting of mudstone–siltstone–sandstone alternations. An increase in the geothermal gradient is mainly due to Pleistocene volcanic activity in the field. The isotopic values of thermal water (δ18O, δ2H, δ3H) indicate a deeply circulating meteoric origin. The estimated reservoir temperature calculated by silica geothermometers is 100–150 °C, and the mixing rate of cold groundwater with geothermal waters is approximately 70%. It may be possible to obtain warmer fluids from a 300-m-deep borehole cutting through a fracture zone identified by geophysical studies. Heating by conduction via the geothermal gradient resulting from young volcanic activity drives geothermal waters upwards along faults and fractures that act as hydrothermal pathways. The positive δ13CVPDB value (+ 4.31‰) indicates a metamorphic origin for the thermal water. The 34SCDT value (~ 10‰) shows that the sulfur in the geothermal water is derived from volcanic sulfur (SO2).http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40517-019-0128-5GeothermalHydrogeochemistryHydrogeological conceptual modelGeophysical studiesŞavşat (Artvin-Turkey) |
| spellingShingle | Fatma Gültekin Esra Hatipoğlu Temizel Ali Erden Babacan M. Ziya Kırmacı Arzu Fırat Ersoy B. Melih Subaşı Conceptual model of the Şavşat (Artvin/NE Turkey) Geothermal Field developed with hydrogeochemical, isotopic, and geophysical studies Geothermal Energy Geothermal Hydrogeochemistry Hydrogeological conceptual model Geophysical studies Şavşat (Artvin-Turkey) |
| title | Conceptual model of the Şavşat (Artvin/NE Turkey) Geothermal Field developed with hydrogeochemical, isotopic, and geophysical studies |
| title_full | Conceptual model of the Şavşat (Artvin/NE Turkey) Geothermal Field developed with hydrogeochemical, isotopic, and geophysical studies |
| title_fullStr | Conceptual model of the Şavşat (Artvin/NE Turkey) Geothermal Field developed with hydrogeochemical, isotopic, and geophysical studies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Conceptual model of the Şavşat (Artvin/NE Turkey) Geothermal Field developed with hydrogeochemical, isotopic, and geophysical studies |
| title_short | Conceptual model of the Şavşat (Artvin/NE Turkey) Geothermal Field developed with hydrogeochemical, isotopic, and geophysical studies |
| title_sort | conceptual model of the savsat artvin ne turkey geothermal field developed with hydrogeochemical isotopic and geophysical studies |
| topic | Geothermal Hydrogeochemistry Hydrogeological conceptual model Geophysical studies Şavşat (Artvin-Turkey) |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40517-019-0128-5 |
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