The Ketogenic Diet and Neuroinflammation: The Action of Beta-Hydroxybutyrate in a Microglial Cell Line
The ketogenic diet (KD), a diet high in fat and protein but low in carbohydrates, is gaining much interest due to its positive effects, especially in neurodegenerative diseases. Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), the major ketone body produced during the carbohydrate deprivation that occurs in KD, is assum...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/4/3102 |
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| author | Rita Polito Maria Ester La Torre Fiorenzo Moscatelli Giuseppe Cibelli Anna Valenzano Maria Antonietta Panaro Marcellino Monda Antonietta Messina Vincenzo Monda Daniela Pisanelli Francesco Sessa Giovanni Messina Chiara Porro |
| author_facet | Rita Polito Maria Ester La Torre Fiorenzo Moscatelli Giuseppe Cibelli Anna Valenzano Maria Antonietta Panaro Marcellino Monda Antonietta Messina Vincenzo Monda Daniela Pisanelli Francesco Sessa Giovanni Messina Chiara Porro |
| author_sort | Rita Polito |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The ketogenic diet (KD), a diet high in fat and protein but low in carbohydrates, is gaining much interest due to its positive effects, especially in neurodegenerative diseases. Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), the major ketone body produced during the carbohydrate deprivation that occurs in KD, is assumed to have neuroprotective effects, although the molecular mechanisms responsible for these effects are still unclear. Microglial cell activation plays a key role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, resulting in the production of several proinflammatory secondary metabolites. The following study aimed to investigate the mechanisms by which BHB determines the activation processes of BV2 microglial cells, such as polarization, cell migration and expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, in the absence or in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a proinflammatory stimulus. The results showed that BHB has a neuroprotective effect in BV2 cells, inducing both microglial polarization towards an M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype and reducing migratory capacity following LPS stimulation. Furthermore, BHB significantly reduced expression levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-17 and increased levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. From this study, it can be concluded that BHB, and consequently the KD, has a fundamental role in neuroprotection and prevention in neurodegenerative diseases, presenting new therapeutic targets. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:43:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5005d0ab564548cfb22e40b5e66d6548 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:43:52Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-5005d0ab564548cfb22e40b5e66d65482023-11-16T20:55:18ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-02-01244310210.3390/ijms24043102The Ketogenic Diet and Neuroinflammation: The Action of Beta-Hydroxybutyrate in a Microglial Cell LineRita Polito0Maria Ester La Torre1Fiorenzo Moscatelli2Giuseppe Cibelli3Anna Valenzano4Maria Antonietta Panaro5Marcellino Monda6Antonietta Messina7Vincenzo Monda8Daniela Pisanelli9Francesco Sessa10Giovanni Messina11Chiara Porro12Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, ItalyDepartment of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, ItalySection of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, ItalySection of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, ItalySection of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, ItalyDepartment of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, 95131 Catania, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, ItalyThe ketogenic diet (KD), a diet high in fat and protein but low in carbohydrates, is gaining much interest due to its positive effects, especially in neurodegenerative diseases. Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), the major ketone body produced during the carbohydrate deprivation that occurs in KD, is assumed to have neuroprotective effects, although the molecular mechanisms responsible for these effects are still unclear. Microglial cell activation plays a key role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, resulting in the production of several proinflammatory secondary metabolites. The following study aimed to investigate the mechanisms by which BHB determines the activation processes of BV2 microglial cells, such as polarization, cell migration and expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, in the absence or in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a proinflammatory stimulus. The results showed that BHB has a neuroprotective effect in BV2 cells, inducing both microglial polarization towards an M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype and reducing migratory capacity following LPS stimulation. Furthermore, BHB significantly reduced expression levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-17 and increased levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. From this study, it can be concluded that BHB, and consequently the KD, has a fundamental role in neuroprotection and prevention in neurodegenerative diseases, presenting new therapeutic targets.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/4/3102beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB)microglial cell line (BV2)neuroinflammationneuroprotectionketogenic diet |
| spellingShingle | Rita Polito Maria Ester La Torre Fiorenzo Moscatelli Giuseppe Cibelli Anna Valenzano Maria Antonietta Panaro Marcellino Monda Antonietta Messina Vincenzo Monda Daniela Pisanelli Francesco Sessa Giovanni Messina Chiara Porro The Ketogenic Diet and Neuroinflammation: The Action of Beta-Hydroxybutyrate in a Microglial Cell Line International Journal of Molecular Sciences beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) microglial cell line (BV2) neuroinflammation neuroprotection ketogenic diet |
| title | The Ketogenic Diet and Neuroinflammation: The Action of Beta-Hydroxybutyrate in a Microglial Cell Line |
| title_full | The Ketogenic Diet and Neuroinflammation: The Action of Beta-Hydroxybutyrate in a Microglial Cell Line |
| title_fullStr | The Ketogenic Diet and Neuroinflammation: The Action of Beta-Hydroxybutyrate in a Microglial Cell Line |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Ketogenic Diet and Neuroinflammation: The Action of Beta-Hydroxybutyrate in a Microglial Cell Line |
| title_short | The Ketogenic Diet and Neuroinflammation: The Action of Beta-Hydroxybutyrate in a Microglial Cell Line |
| title_sort | ketogenic diet and neuroinflammation the action of beta hydroxybutyrate in a microglial cell line |
| topic | beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) microglial cell line (BV2) neuroinflammation neuroprotection ketogenic diet |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/4/3102 |
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