Infective Endocarditis in High-Income Countries

Infective endocarditis remains an illness that carries a significant burden to healthcare resources. In recent times, there has been a shift from <i>Streptococcus</i> sp. to <i>Staphylococcus</i> sp. as the primary organism of interest. This has significant consequences, give...

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Main Authors: Francesco Nappi, Giorgia Martuscelli, Francesca Bellomo, Sanjeet Singh Avtaar Singh, Marc R. Moon
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2022-07-01
Series:Metabolites
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/12/8/682
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author Francesco Nappi
Giorgia Martuscelli
Francesca Bellomo
Sanjeet Singh Avtaar Singh
Marc R. Moon
author_facet Francesco Nappi
Giorgia Martuscelli
Francesca Bellomo
Sanjeet Singh Avtaar Singh
Marc R. Moon
author_sort Francesco Nappi
collection DOAJ
description Infective endocarditis remains an illness that carries a significant burden to healthcare resources. In recent times, there has been a shift from <i>Streptococcus</i> sp. to <i>Staphylococcus</i> sp. as the primary organism of interest. This has significant consequences, given the virulence of <i>Staphylococcus</i> and its propensity to form a biofilm, rendering non-surgical therapy ineffective. In addition, antibiotic resistance has affected treatment of this organism. The cohorts at most risk for Staphylococcal endocarditis are elderly patients with multiple comorbidities. The innovation of transcatheter technologies alongside other cardiac interventions such as implantable devices has contributed to the increased risk attributable to this cohort. We examined the pathophysiology of infective endocarditis carefully. Inter alia, the determinants of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> virulence, interaction with host immunity, as well as the discovery and emergence of a potential vaccine, were investigated. Furthermore, the potential role of prophylactic antibiotics during dental procedures was also evaluated. As rates of transcatheter device implantation increase, endocarditis is expected to increase, especially in this high-risk group. A high level of suspicion is needed alongside early initiation of therapy and referral to the heart team to improve outcomes.
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spelling doaj.art-50310cf7009f4627943bb283d0dec6012023-12-03T14:05:58ZengMDPI AGMetabolites2218-19892022-07-0112868210.3390/metabo12080682Infective Endocarditis in High-Income CountriesFrancesco Nappi0Giorgia Martuscelli1Francesca Bellomo2Sanjeet Singh Avtaar Singh3Marc R. Moon4Department of Cardiac Surgery, Centre Cardiologique du Nord, 93200 Saint-Denis, FranceMultidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen AB25 2ZN, UKDepartment of Cardiac Thoracic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USAInfective endocarditis remains an illness that carries a significant burden to healthcare resources. In recent times, there has been a shift from <i>Streptococcus</i> sp. to <i>Staphylococcus</i> sp. as the primary organism of interest. This has significant consequences, given the virulence of <i>Staphylococcus</i> and its propensity to form a biofilm, rendering non-surgical therapy ineffective. In addition, antibiotic resistance has affected treatment of this organism. The cohorts at most risk for Staphylococcal endocarditis are elderly patients with multiple comorbidities. The innovation of transcatheter technologies alongside other cardiac interventions such as implantable devices has contributed to the increased risk attributable to this cohort. We examined the pathophysiology of infective endocarditis carefully. Inter alia, the determinants of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> virulence, interaction with host immunity, as well as the discovery and emergence of a potential vaccine, were investigated. Furthermore, the potential role of prophylactic antibiotics during dental procedures was also evaluated. As rates of transcatheter device implantation increase, endocarditis is expected to increase, especially in this high-risk group. A high level of suspicion is needed alongside early initiation of therapy and referral to the heart team to improve outcomes.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/12/8/682infective endocarditis<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>biofilmimmune responsefibronectin
spellingShingle Francesco Nappi
Giorgia Martuscelli
Francesca Bellomo
Sanjeet Singh Avtaar Singh
Marc R. Moon
Infective Endocarditis in High-Income Countries
Metabolites
infective endocarditis
<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>
biofilm
immune response
fibronectin
title Infective Endocarditis in High-Income Countries
title_full Infective Endocarditis in High-Income Countries
title_fullStr Infective Endocarditis in High-Income Countries
title_full_unstemmed Infective Endocarditis in High-Income Countries
title_short Infective Endocarditis in High-Income Countries
title_sort infective endocarditis in high income countries
topic infective endocarditis
<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>
biofilm
immune response
fibronectin
url https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/12/8/682
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AT giorgiamartuscelli infectiveendocarditisinhighincomecountries
AT francescabellomo infectiveendocarditisinhighincomecountries
AT sanjeetsinghavtaarsingh infectiveendocarditisinhighincomecountries
AT marcrmoon infectiveendocarditisinhighincomecountries