Infective Endocarditis in High-Income Countries
Infective endocarditis remains an illness that carries a significant burden to healthcare resources. In recent times, there has been a shift from <i>Streptococcus</i> sp. to <i>Staphylococcus</i> sp. as the primary organism of interest. This has significant consequences, give...
Main Authors: | , , , , |
---|---|
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-07-01
|
Series: | Metabolites |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/12/8/682 |
_version_ | 1797408909161398272 |
---|---|
author | Francesco Nappi Giorgia Martuscelli Francesca Bellomo Sanjeet Singh Avtaar Singh Marc R. Moon |
author_facet | Francesco Nappi Giorgia Martuscelli Francesca Bellomo Sanjeet Singh Avtaar Singh Marc R. Moon |
author_sort | Francesco Nappi |
collection | DOAJ |
description | Infective endocarditis remains an illness that carries a significant burden to healthcare resources. In recent times, there has been a shift from <i>Streptococcus</i> sp. to <i>Staphylococcus</i> sp. as the primary organism of interest. This has significant consequences, given the virulence of <i>Staphylococcus</i> and its propensity to form a biofilm, rendering non-surgical therapy ineffective. In addition, antibiotic resistance has affected treatment of this organism. The cohorts at most risk for Staphylococcal endocarditis are elderly patients with multiple comorbidities. The innovation of transcatheter technologies alongside other cardiac interventions such as implantable devices has contributed to the increased risk attributable to this cohort. We examined the pathophysiology of infective endocarditis carefully. Inter alia, the determinants of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> virulence, interaction with host immunity, as well as the discovery and emergence of a potential vaccine, were investigated. Furthermore, the potential role of prophylactic antibiotics during dental procedures was also evaluated. As rates of transcatheter device implantation increase, endocarditis is expected to increase, especially in this high-risk group. A high level of suspicion is needed alongside early initiation of therapy and referral to the heart team to improve outcomes. |
first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:06:28Z |
format | Article |
id | doaj.art-50310cf7009f4627943bb283d0dec601 |
institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
issn | 2218-1989 |
language | English |
last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:06:28Z |
publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
publisher | MDPI AG |
record_format | Article |
series | Metabolites |
spelling | doaj.art-50310cf7009f4627943bb283d0dec6012023-12-03T14:05:58ZengMDPI AGMetabolites2218-19892022-07-0112868210.3390/metabo12080682Infective Endocarditis in High-Income CountriesFrancesco Nappi0Giorgia Martuscelli1Francesca Bellomo2Sanjeet Singh Avtaar Singh3Marc R. Moon4Department of Cardiac Surgery, Centre Cardiologique du Nord, 93200 Saint-Denis, FranceMultidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen AB25 2ZN, UKDepartment of Cardiac Thoracic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USAInfective endocarditis remains an illness that carries a significant burden to healthcare resources. In recent times, there has been a shift from <i>Streptococcus</i> sp. to <i>Staphylococcus</i> sp. as the primary organism of interest. This has significant consequences, given the virulence of <i>Staphylococcus</i> and its propensity to form a biofilm, rendering non-surgical therapy ineffective. In addition, antibiotic resistance has affected treatment of this organism. The cohorts at most risk for Staphylococcal endocarditis are elderly patients with multiple comorbidities. The innovation of transcatheter technologies alongside other cardiac interventions such as implantable devices has contributed to the increased risk attributable to this cohort. We examined the pathophysiology of infective endocarditis carefully. Inter alia, the determinants of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> virulence, interaction with host immunity, as well as the discovery and emergence of a potential vaccine, were investigated. Furthermore, the potential role of prophylactic antibiotics during dental procedures was also evaluated. As rates of transcatheter device implantation increase, endocarditis is expected to increase, especially in this high-risk group. A high level of suspicion is needed alongside early initiation of therapy and referral to the heart team to improve outcomes.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/12/8/682infective endocarditis<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>biofilmimmune responsefibronectin |
spellingShingle | Francesco Nappi Giorgia Martuscelli Francesca Bellomo Sanjeet Singh Avtaar Singh Marc R. Moon Infective Endocarditis in High-Income Countries Metabolites infective endocarditis <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> biofilm immune response fibronectin |
title | Infective Endocarditis in High-Income Countries |
title_full | Infective Endocarditis in High-Income Countries |
title_fullStr | Infective Endocarditis in High-Income Countries |
title_full_unstemmed | Infective Endocarditis in High-Income Countries |
title_short | Infective Endocarditis in High-Income Countries |
title_sort | infective endocarditis in high income countries |
topic | infective endocarditis <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> biofilm immune response fibronectin |
url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/12/8/682 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT francesconappi infectiveendocarditisinhighincomecountries AT giorgiamartuscelli infectiveendocarditisinhighincomecountries AT francescabellomo infectiveendocarditisinhighincomecountries AT sanjeetsinghavtaarsingh infectiveendocarditisinhighincomecountries AT marcrmoon infectiveendocarditisinhighincomecountries |