Time of Test Periods Influence the Behavioral Responses of <i>Anopheles minimus</i> and <i>Anopheles dirus</i> (Diptera: Culicidae) to DEET
Information on factors influencing the behavioral responses of mosquitoes to repellents is lacking and poorly understood, especially in the <i>Anopheles</i> species, night-biting mosquitoes. Our goal was to investigate the impact of different time periods on circadian activity and behavi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-09-01
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| Series: | Insects |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/12/10/867 |
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| author | Rungarun Tisgratog Chutipong Sukkanon Victor Arief Sugiharto Michael J. Bangs Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap |
| author_facet | Rungarun Tisgratog Chutipong Sukkanon Victor Arief Sugiharto Michael J. Bangs Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap |
| author_sort | Rungarun Tisgratog |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Information on factors influencing the behavioral responses of mosquitoes to repellents is lacking and poorly understood, especially in the <i>Anopheles</i> species, night-biting mosquitoes. Our goal was to investigate the impact of different time periods on circadian activity and behavioral responses of two malaria vectors, <i>Anopheles minimus</i> and <i>An. dirus</i>, to 5% DEET using an excito-repellency test system. Each mosquito species was exposed to the repellent during the daytime (06.00–18.00) and nighttime (18.00–06.00), and time of observation was further divided into four 3-h intervals. Significant escape responses were observed between daytime and nighttime for <i>An. minimus</i> in both noncontact and contact tests. <i>An. dirus</i> showed statistical differences in contact irritancy escape response, whereas no significant difference was found in noncontact repellency tests. Both mosquito species showed more significantly higher escape responses when exposed to DEET during the afternoon and late in the night. This finding indicates that the time of testing may affect the behavioral responses of mosquitoes to repellents, especially in <i>An. minimus</i> and <i>An. dirus.</i> A better understanding of nocturnally active mosquito behavioral responses spanning from dusk to dawn would assist in optimizing product development, screening, and effective evaluation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:29:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5032513ad864434fa69648084813f747 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4450 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:29:43Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Insects |
| spelling | doaj.art-5032513ad864434fa69648084813f7472023-11-22T18:38:46ZengMDPI AGInsects2075-44502021-09-01121086710.3390/insects12100867Time of Test Periods Influence the Behavioral Responses of <i>Anopheles minimus</i> and <i>Anopheles dirus</i> (Diptera: Culicidae) to DEETRungarun Tisgratog0Chutipong Sukkanon1Victor Arief Sugiharto2Michael J. Bangs3Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap4Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, ThailandDepartment of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala 80160, ThailandHenry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USAPublic Health & Malaria Control Department, PT. Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Mimika Regency 99920, IndonesiaDepartment of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, ThailandInformation on factors influencing the behavioral responses of mosquitoes to repellents is lacking and poorly understood, especially in the <i>Anopheles</i> species, night-biting mosquitoes. Our goal was to investigate the impact of different time periods on circadian activity and behavioral responses of two malaria vectors, <i>Anopheles minimus</i> and <i>An. dirus</i>, to 5% DEET using an excito-repellency test system. Each mosquito species was exposed to the repellent during the daytime (06.00–18.00) and nighttime (18.00–06.00), and time of observation was further divided into four 3-h intervals. Significant escape responses were observed between daytime and nighttime for <i>An. minimus</i> in both noncontact and contact tests. <i>An. dirus</i> showed statistical differences in contact irritancy escape response, whereas no significant difference was found in noncontact repellency tests. Both mosquito species showed more significantly higher escape responses when exposed to DEET during the afternoon and late in the night. This finding indicates that the time of testing may affect the behavioral responses of mosquitoes to repellents, especially in <i>An. minimus</i> and <i>An. dirus.</i> A better understanding of nocturnally active mosquito behavioral responses spanning from dusk to dawn would assist in optimizing product development, screening, and effective evaluation.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/12/10/867<i>Anopheles minimus</i><i>Anopheles dirus</i>time of testavoidance behavioral responseDEET |
| spellingShingle | Rungarun Tisgratog Chutipong Sukkanon Victor Arief Sugiharto Michael J. Bangs Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap Time of Test Periods Influence the Behavioral Responses of <i>Anopheles minimus</i> and <i>Anopheles dirus</i> (Diptera: Culicidae) to DEET Insects <i>Anopheles minimus</i> <i>Anopheles dirus</i> time of test avoidance behavioral response DEET |
| title | Time of Test Periods Influence the Behavioral Responses of <i>Anopheles minimus</i> and <i>Anopheles dirus</i> (Diptera: Culicidae) to DEET |
| title_full | Time of Test Periods Influence the Behavioral Responses of <i>Anopheles minimus</i> and <i>Anopheles dirus</i> (Diptera: Culicidae) to DEET |
| title_fullStr | Time of Test Periods Influence the Behavioral Responses of <i>Anopheles minimus</i> and <i>Anopheles dirus</i> (Diptera: Culicidae) to DEET |
| title_full_unstemmed | Time of Test Periods Influence the Behavioral Responses of <i>Anopheles minimus</i> and <i>Anopheles dirus</i> (Diptera: Culicidae) to DEET |
| title_short | Time of Test Periods Influence the Behavioral Responses of <i>Anopheles minimus</i> and <i>Anopheles dirus</i> (Diptera: Culicidae) to DEET |
| title_sort | time of test periods influence the behavioral responses of i anopheles minimus i and i anopheles dirus i diptera culicidae to deet |
| topic | <i>Anopheles minimus</i> <i>Anopheles dirus</i> time of test avoidance behavioral response DEET |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/12/10/867 |
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