Discriminating the Multi-Frequency Microwave Brightness Temperature Anomalies Relating to 2017 Mw 7.3 Sarpol Zahab (Iran-Iraq Border) Earthquake
A Mw 7.3 earthquake occurred near the Iran-Iraq border on November 12, 2017, as the result of oblique-thrust squeezing of the Eurasian plate and the Arabian plate. By employing the spatio-temporally weighted two-step method (STW-TSM) and microwave brightness temperature (MBT) data from AMSR-2 instru...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Earth Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2021.656216/full |
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| author | Yifan Ding Yifan Ding Yuan Qi Yuan Qi Lixin Wu Lixin Wu Wenfei Mao Wenfei Mao Yingjia Liu Yingjia Liu |
| author_facet | Yifan Ding Yifan Ding Yuan Qi Yuan Qi Lixin Wu Lixin Wu Wenfei Mao Wenfei Mao Yingjia Liu Yingjia Liu |
| author_sort | Yifan Ding |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A Mw 7.3 earthquake occurred near the Iran-Iraq border on November 12, 2017, as the result of oblique-thrust squeezing of the Eurasian plate and the Arabian plate. By employing the spatio-temporally weighted two-step method (STW-TSM) and microwave brightness temperature (MBT) data from AMSR-2 instrument on board Aqua satellite, this paper investigates carefully the spatiotemporal features of multi-frequency MBT anomalies relating to the earthquake. Soil moisture (SM), satellite cloud image, regional geological map and surface landcover data are utilized to discriminate the potential MBT anomalies revealed from STW-TSM. The low-frequency MBT residual images shows that positive anomalies mainly occurred in the mountainous Urmia lake and the plain region, which were 300 km north and 200 km southwest about to the epicenter, respectively. The north MBT anomaly firstly appeared 51 days before the mainshock and its magnitude increased over time with a maximum of about +40K. Then the anomaly disappeared 3 days before, reappeared 1d after and diminished completely 10 days after the mainshock. Meanwhile, the southwest MBT anomaly firstly occurred 18 days before and peaked 3 days before the mainshock with a maximum of about +20K, and then diminished gradually with aftershocks. It is speculated that the positive MBT anomaly in the Urmia lake was caused by microwave dielectric property change of water body due to gas bubbles leaking from the bottom of the lake disturbed by local crust stress alteration, while the southwest MBT positive anomaly was caused by microwave dielectric constant change of shallow surface due to accumulation of seismically-activated positive charges originated at deep crust. Besides, some accidental abnormal residual stripes existed in line with satellite orbit, which turned out to be periodic data errors of the satellite sensor. High-frequency MBT residual images exhibit some significant negative anomalies, including a narrow stripe pointing to the forthcoming epicenter, which were confirmed to be caused by synchronous altostratus clouds. This study is of guidance meaning for distinguishing non-seismic disturbances and identifying seismic MBT anomaly before, during and after some large earthquakes. |
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| issn | 2296-6463 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-13T23:00:28Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-5036cef80c7b43f1b08bc4308be7d6ee2022-12-21T23:28:25ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Earth Science2296-64632021-08-01910.3389/feart.2021.656216656216Discriminating the Multi-Frequency Microwave Brightness Temperature Anomalies Relating to 2017 Mw 7.3 Sarpol Zahab (Iran-Iraq Border) EarthquakeYifan Ding0Yifan Ding1Yuan Qi2Yuan Qi3Lixin Wu4Lixin Wu5Wenfei Mao6Wenfei Mao7Yingjia Liu8Yingjia Liu9School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, ChinaLaboratory of Geo-hazards Perception, Cognition and Prediction, Central South University, Changsha, ChinaSchool of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, ChinaLaboratory of Geo-hazards Perception, Cognition and Prediction, Central South University, Changsha, ChinaSchool of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, ChinaLaboratory of Geo-hazards Perception, Cognition and Prediction, Central South University, Changsha, ChinaSchool of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, ChinaLaboratory of Geo-hazards Perception, Cognition and Prediction, Central South University, Changsha, ChinaSchool of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, ChinaLaboratory of Geo-hazards Perception, Cognition and Prediction, Central South University, Changsha, ChinaA Mw 7.3 earthquake occurred near the Iran-Iraq border on November 12, 2017, as the result of oblique-thrust squeezing of the Eurasian plate and the Arabian plate. By employing the spatio-temporally weighted two-step method (STW-TSM) and microwave brightness temperature (MBT) data from AMSR-2 instrument on board Aqua satellite, this paper investigates carefully the spatiotemporal features of multi-frequency MBT anomalies relating to the earthquake. Soil moisture (SM), satellite cloud image, regional geological map and surface landcover data are utilized to discriminate the potential MBT anomalies revealed from STW-TSM. The low-frequency MBT residual images shows that positive anomalies mainly occurred in the mountainous Urmia lake and the plain region, which were 300 km north and 200 km southwest about to the epicenter, respectively. The north MBT anomaly firstly appeared 51 days before the mainshock and its magnitude increased over time with a maximum of about +40K. Then the anomaly disappeared 3 days before, reappeared 1d after and diminished completely 10 days after the mainshock. Meanwhile, the southwest MBT anomaly firstly occurred 18 days before and peaked 3 days before the mainshock with a maximum of about +20K, and then diminished gradually with aftershocks. It is speculated that the positive MBT anomaly in the Urmia lake was caused by microwave dielectric property change of water body due to gas bubbles leaking from the bottom of the lake disturbed by local crust stress alteration, while the southwest MBT positive anomaly was caused by microwave dielectric constant change of shallow surface due to accumulation of seismically-activated positive charges originated at deep crust. Besides, some accidental abnormal residual stripes existed in line with satellite orbit, which turned out to be periodic data errors of the satellite sensor. High-frequency MBT residual images exhibit some significant negative anomalies, including a narrow stripe pointing to the forthcoming epicenter, which were confirmed to be caused by synchronous altostratus clouds. This study is of guidance meaning for distinguishing non-seismic disturbances and identifying seismic MBT anomaly before, during and after some large earthquakes.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2021.656216/fullSarpol Zahab earthquakeearthquake anomalymicrowave brightness temperatureSTW-TSMmulti-frequency dataremote sensing |
| spellingShingle | Yifan Ding Yifan Ding Yuan Qi Yuan Qi Lixin Wu Lixin Wu Wenfei Mao Wenfei Mao Yingjia Liu Yingjia Liu Discriminating the Multi-Frequency Microwave Brightness Temperature Anomalies Relating to 2017 Mw 7.3 Sarpol Zahab (Iran-Iraq Border) Earthquake Frontiers in Earth Science Sarpol Zahab earthquake earthquake anomaly microwave brightness temperature STW-TSM multi-frequency data remote sensing |
| title | Discriminating the Multi-Frequency Microwave Brightness Temperature Anomalies Relating to 2017 Mw 7.3 Sarpol Zahab (Iran-Iraq Border) Earthquake |
| title_full | Discriminating the Multi-Frequency Microwave Brightness Temperature Anomalies Relating to 2017 Mw 7.3 Sarpol Zahab (Iran-Iraq Border) Earthquake |
| title_fullStr | Discriminating the Multi-Frequency Microwave Brightness Temperature Anomalies Relating to 2017 Mw 7.3 Sarpol Zahab (Iran-Iraq Border) Earthquake |
| title_full_unstemmed | Discriminating the Multi-Frequency Microwave Brightness Temperature Anomalies Relating to 2017 Mw 7.3 Sarpol Zahab (Iran-Iraq Border) Earthquake |
| title_short | Discriminating the Multi-Frequency Microwave Brightness Temperature Anomalies Relating to 2017 Mw 7.3 Sarpol Zahab (Iran-Iraq Border) Earthquake |
| title_sort | discriminating the multi frequency microwave brightness temperature anomalies relating to 2017 mw 7 3 sarpol zahab iran iraq border earthquake |
| topic | Sarpol Zahab earthquake earthquake anomaly microwave brightness temperature STW-TSM multi-frequency data remote sensing |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2021.656216/full |
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