Quantification and Prediction with Near Infrared Spectroscopy of Carbohydrates throughout Apple Fruit Development
Carbohydrates play a key role in apple fruit growth and development. Carbohydrates are needed for cell division/expansion, regulate fruitlet abscission, and influence fruit maturation and quality. Current methods to quantify fruit carbohydrates are labor intensive and expensive. We quantified carboh...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Horticulturae |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/9/2/279 |
| _version_ | 1797620663627808768 |
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| author | James E. Larson Penelope Perkins-Veazie Guoying Ma Thomas M. Kon |
| author_facet | James E. Larson Penelope Perkins-Veazie Guoying Ma Thomas M. Kon |
| author_sort | James E. Larson |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Carbohydrates play a key role in apple fruit growth and development. Carbohydrates are needed for cell division/expansion, regulate fruitlet abscission, and influence fruit maturation and quality. Current methods to quantify fruit carbohydrates are labor intensive and expensive. We quantified carbohydrates throughout a growing season in two cultivars and evaluated the use of near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) to predict apple carbohydrate content throughout changes in fruit development. Carbohydrates were quantified with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at five timepoints between early fruitlet growth and harvest in ‘Gala’ and ‘Red Delicious’ apples. NIR spectra was collected for freeze-dried fruit samples using a benchtop near infrared spectrometer. Sorbitol was the major carbohydrate early in the growing season (~40% of total carbohydrates). However, the relative contribution of sorbitol to total carbohydrates rapidly decreased by 59 days after full bloom (<10%). The proportion of fructose to total carbohydrates increased throughout fruit development (40–50%). Three distinct periods of fruit development, early, mid-season, and late, were found over all sampling dates using principal component analysis. The first (PC1) and second (PC2) principal components accounted for 90% of the variation in the data, samples separated among sampling date along PC1. Partial least squares regression was used to build the models by calibrating carbohydrates quantified with HPLC and measured reflectance spectra. The NIR models reliably predicted the content of fructose, glucose, sorbitol, sucrose, starch, and total soluble sugars for both ‘Gala’ and ‘Red Delicious’; <i>r</i><sup>2</sup> ranged from 0.60 to 0.96. These results show that NIR can accurately estimate carbohydrates throughout the growing season and offers an efficient alternative to liquid or gas chromatography. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:44:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5042a76bec4242da9680ffeeeb009a59 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2311-7524 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:44:49Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Horticulturae |
| spelling | doaj.art-5042a76bec4242da9680ffeeeb009a592023-11-16T20:51:04ZengMDPI AGHorticulturae2311-75242023-02-019227910.3390/horticulturae9020279Quantification and Prediction with Near Infrared Spectroscopy of Carbohydrates throughout Apple Fruit DevelopmentJames E. Larson0Penelope Perkins-Veazie1Guoying Ma2Thomas M. Kon3Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, North Carolina State University, Mills River, NC 28759, USAPlants for Human Health Institute, Department of Horticultural Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USAPlants for Human Health Institute, Department of Horticultural Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USAMountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, North Carolina State University, Mills River, NC 28759, USACarbohydrates play a key role in apple fruit growth and development. Carbohydrates are needed for cell division/expansion, regulate fruitlet abscission, and influence fruit maturation and quality. Current methods to quantify fruit carbohydrates are labor intensive and expensive. We quantified carbohydrates throughout a growing season in two cultivars and evaluated the use of near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) to predict apple carbohydrate content throughout changes in fruit development. Carbohydrates were quantified with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at five timepoints between early fruitlet growth and harvest in ‘Gala’ and ‘Red Delicious’ apples. NIR spectra was collected for freeze-dried fruit samples using a benchtop near infrared spectrometer. Sorbitol was the major carbohydrate early in the growing season (~40% of total carbohydrates). However, the relative contribution of sorbitol to total carbohydrates rapidly decreased by 59 days after full bloom (<10%). The proportion of fructose to total carbohydrates increased throughout fruit development (40–50%). Three distinct periods of fruit development, early, mid-season, and late, were found over all sampling dates using principal component analysis. The first (PC1) and second (PC2) principal components accounted for 90% of the variation in the data, samples separated among sampling date along PC1. Partial least squares regression was used to build the models by calibrating carbohydrates quantified with HPLC and measured reflectance spectra. The NIR models reliably predicted the content of fructose, glucose, sorbitol, sucrose, starch, and total soluble sugars for both ‘Gala’ and ‘Red Delicious’; <i>r</i><sup>2</sup> ranged from 0.60 to 0.96. These results show that NIR can accurately estimate carbohydrates throughout the growing season and offers an efficient alternative to liquid or gas chromatography.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/9/2/279applefruit developmentcarbohydrate quantificationnear infrared spectroscopy |
| spellingShingle | James E. Larson Penelope Perkins-Veazie Guoying Ma Thomas M. Kon Quantification and Prediction with Near Infrared Spectroscopy of Carbohydrates throughout Apple Fruit Development Horticulturae apple fruit development carbohydrate quantification near infrared spectroscopy |
| title | Quantification and Prediction with Near Infrared Spectroscopy of Carbohydrates throughout Apple Fruit Development |
| title_full | Quantification and Prediction with Near Infrared Spectroscopy of Carbohydrates throughout Apple Fruit Development |
| title_fullStr | Quantification and Prediction with Near Infrared Spectroscopy of Carbohydrates throughout Apple Fruit Development |
| title_full_unstemmed | Quantification and Prediction with Near Infrared Spectroscopy of Carbohydrates throughout Apple Fruit Development |
| title_short | Quantification and Prediction with Near Infrared Spectroscopy of Carbohydrates throughout Apple Fruit Development |
| title_sort | quantification and prediction with near infrared spectroscopy of carbohydrates throughout apple fruit development |
| topic | apple fruit development carbohydrate quantification near infrared spectroscopy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/9/2/279 |
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