Factors associated with menstrual cycle irregularity and menopause
Abstract Background A regular menstrual cycle is an important indicator of a healthy reproductive system. Previous studies reported obesity, stress, and smoking as the factors that are associated with irregular menstruation and early menopause. However, the integrative effects of these modifiable ri...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2018-02-01
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| Series: | BMC Women's Health |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12905-018-0528-x |
| _version_ | 1819073081174392832 |
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| author | Jinju Bae Susan Park Jin-Won Kwon |
| author_facet | Jinju Bae Susan Park Jin-Won Kwon |
| author_sort | Jinju Bae |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background A regular menstrual cycle is an important indicator of a healthy reproductive system. Previous studies reported obesity, stress, and smoking as the factors that are associated with irregular menstruation and early menopause. However, the integrative effects of these modifiable risk factors have not been fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the modifiable risk factors of menstrual cycle irregularity and premature menopause, as well as their individual and combined effects among adult women in Korea. Method This study selected adult women aged 19 years and above who had been included in the 2007–2014 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We used a separate dataset to analyze the risk factors of menstrual cycle irregularity and menopause (pre- and postmenopausal women: n = 4788 and n = 10,697, respectively). Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the effects of smoking, drinking, obesity, and perceived level of stress on the menstrual cycle and menopause. Both logit and linear models were used in the analyses of the association between smoking and menopausal age. Equivalized household income, marital status, and educational level were considered as covariates. The modifiable risk factor scores were also calculated to integrate the effect of smoking, drinking, and obesity in the analysis. Result Results showed that smoking status, pack-year, obesity, and perceived level of stress were significantly associated with irregular menstruation among premenopausal women. Especially, women demonstrating > 3 modifiable risk factor scores had 1.7 times higher risk of having irregular menstruation than those who had a 0 score. Meanwhile, early initiation of smoking (≤19 years) and high pack-year (≥5) were also significantly associated with premature menopause among postmenopausal women. Conclusion This study demonstrated that modifiable risk factors, such as smoking, obesity, and stress, were significantly associated with menstrual cycle irregularity. Lifetime smoking was also correlated with early menopause. Our results suggested that healthier lifestyle practices, including, cessation of smoking, weight control, and stress management, were important factors in improving the reproductive health of women throughout life. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T17:47:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-504303a5267b4f8d83733b3423bb3be8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1472-6874 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T17:47:57Z |
| publishDate | 2018-02-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Women's Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-504303a5267b4f8d83733b3423bb3be82022-12-21T18:55:27ZengBMCBMC Women's Health1472-68742018-02-0118111110.1186/s12905-018-0528-xFactors associated with menstrual cycle irregularity and menopauseJinju Bae0Susan Park1Jin-Won Kwon2College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National UniversityCollege of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National UniversityCollege of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National UniversityAbstract Background A regular menstrual cycle is an important indicator of a healthy reproductive system. Previous studies reported obesity, stress, and smoking as the factors that are associated with irregular menstruation and early menopause. However, the integrative effects of these modifiable risk factors have not been fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the modifiable risk factors of menstrual cycle irregularity and premature menopause, as well as their individual and combined effects among adult women in Korea. Method This study selected adult women aged 19 years and above who had been included in the 2007–2014 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We used a separate dataset to analyze the risk factors of menstrual cycle irregularity and menopause (pre- and postmenopausal women: n = 4788 and n = 10,697, respectively). Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the effects of smoking, drinking, obesity, and perceived level of stress on the menstrual cycle and menopause. Both logit and linear models were used in the analyses of the association between smoking and menopausal age. Equivalized household income, marital status, and educational level were considered as covariates. The modifiable risk factor scores were also calculated to integrate the effect of smoking, drinking, and obesity in the analysis. Result Results showed that smoking status, pack-year, obesity, and perceived level of stress were significantly associated with irregular menstruation among premenopausal women. Especially, women demonstrating > 3 modifiable risk factor scores had 1.7 times higher risk of having irregular menstruation than those who had a 0 score. Meanwhile, early initiation of smoking (≤19 years) and high pack-year (≥5) were also significantly associated with premature menopause among postmenopausal women. Conclusion This study demonstrated that modifiable risk factors, such as smoking, obesity, and stress, were significantly associated with menstrual cycle irregularity. Lifetime smoking was also correlated with early menopause. Our results suggested that healthier lifestyle practices, including, cessation of smoking, weight control, and stress management, were important factors in improving the reproductive health of women throughout life.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12905-018-0528-xIrregular menstruationPremature menopauseSmokingObesityStress |
| spellingShingle | Jinju Bae Susan Park Jin-Won Kwon Factors associated with menstrual cycle irregularity and menopause BMC Women's Health Irregular menstruation Premature menopause Smoking Obesity Stress |
| title | Factors associated with menstrual cycle irregularity and menopause |
| title_full | Factors associated with menstrual cycle irregularity and menopause |
| title_fullStr | Factors associated with menstrual cycle irregularity and menopause |
| title_full_unstemmed | Factors associated with menstrual cycle irregularity and menopause |
| title_short | Factors associated with menstrual cycle irregularity and menopause |
| title_sort | factors associated with menstrual cycle irregularity and menopause |
| topic | Irregular menstruation Premature menopause Smoking Obesity Stress |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12905-018-0528-x |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jinjubae factorsassociatedwithmenstrualcycleirregularityandmenopause AT susanpark factorsassociatedwithmenstrualcycleirregularityandmenopause AT jinwonkwon factorsassociatedwithmenstrualcycleirregularityandmenopause |