Genome-Wide Characterization of Glutamine Synthetase Family Genes in <i>Cucurbitaceae</i> and Their Potential Roles in Cold Response and Rootstock-Scion Signaling Communication
Glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.2, L-glutamate: ammonia ligase ADP-forming) is the key enzyme responsible for the primary assimilation and reassimilation of nitrogen (N) in higher plants. There are two main isoforms of GS in higher plants, classified as cytosolic GS (GS1) and chloroplastic GS (GS...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Agriculture |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/11/11/1156 |
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| author | Xiaojun Li Xiaohong Lu Mengshuang Liu Chenggang Xiang Wenqian Liu Cuicui Wang Xiaojing Zhang Tao Wang Zixi Liu Lihong Gao Wenna Zhang |
| author_facet | Xiaojun Li Xiaohong Lu Mengshuang Liu Chenggang Xiang Wenqian Liu Cuicui Wang Xiaojing Zhang Tao Wang Zixi Liu Lihong Gao Wenna Zhang |
| author_sort | Xiaojun Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.2, L-glutamate: ammonia ligase ADP-forming) is the key enzyme responsible for the primary assimilation and reassimilation of nitrogen (N) in higher plants. There are two main isoforms of GS in higher plants, classified as cytosolic GS (GS1) and chloroplastic GS (GS2) by their size and subcellular localization. In order to improve the stress tolerance, quality, and yield of cucurbit crops such as cucumbers (Csa, <i>Cucumis sativus</i> L.), pumpkins (Cmo, <i>Cucurbita moschata</i> var. Rifu) are often used as rootstocks. Here, the GS family of the two species were comprehensively analyzed using bioinformatics in terms of aspects of the phylogenic tree, gene structure, chromosome location, subcellular localization, and evolutionary and expression patterns. Seven and four <i>GS</i> gene family members were screened in pumpkin and cucumber, respectively. <i>GS</i> family genes were divided into three groups (one for <i>GS2</i> and two for <i>GS1</i>) according to their homology and phylogenetic relationships with other species. The analysis of gene ontology annotation of <i>GS</i> family genes, promoter regulatory elements, and tissue-specific expression patterns indicates the potential different biological roles of GS isoforms in <i>Cucurbitaceae</i>. In particular, we have identified a potentially available gene (<i>GS</i>1: CmoCh08G004920) from pumpkin that is relatively highly expressed and tissue-specifically expressed. RT-PCR analysis showed that most CmoGSs are induced by low temperature, and long-term (day 2 to day 9) cold stress has a more obvious effect on the RNA abundance of CmoGS. Our work presents the structure and expression patterns of all candidate members of the pumpkin and cucumber <i>GS</i> gene family, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such work has been presented. It is worth focusing on the candidate genes with strong capacity for improving pumpkin rootstock breeding in order to increase nitrogen-use efficiency in cold conditions, as well as rootstock-scion communication. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:48:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-508d7b02552646748d5c8728779e2752 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0472 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:48:01Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agriculture |
| spelling | doaj.art-508d7b02552646748d5c8728779e27522023-11-22T22:00:03ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722021-11-011111115610.3390/agriculture11111156Genome-Wide Characterization of Glutamine Synthetase Family Genes in <i>Cucurbitaceae</i> and Their Potential Roles in Cold Response and Rootstock-Scion Signaling CommunicationXiaojun Li0Xiaohong Lu1Mengshuang Liu2Chenggang Xiang3Wenqian Liu4Cuicui Wang5Xiaojing Zhang6Tao Wang7Zixi Liu8Lihong Gao9Wenna Zhang10Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaCollege of Life Science and Technology, Honghe University, Mengzi 661100, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaGlutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.2, L-glutamate: ammonia ligase ADP-forming) is the key enzyme responsible for the primary assimilation and reassimilation of nitrogen (N) in higher plants. There are two main isoforms of GS in higher plants, classified as cytosolic GS (GS1) and chloroplastic GS (GS2) by their size and subcellular localization. In order to improve the stress tolerance, quality, and yield of cucurbit crops such as cucumbers (Csa, <i>Cucumis sativus</i> L.), pumpkins (Cmo, <i>Cucurbita moschata</i> var. Rifu) are often used as rootstocks. Here, the GS family of the two species were comprehensively analyzed using bioinformatics in terms of aspects of the phylogenic tree, gene structure, chromosome location, subcellular localization, and evolutionary and expression patterns. Seven and four <i>GS</i> gene family members were screened in pumpkin and cucumber, respectively. <i>GS</i> family genes were divided into three groups (one for <i>GS2</i> and two for <i>GS1</i>) according to their homology and phylogenetic relationships with other species. The analysis of gene ontology annotation of <i>GS</i> family genes, promoter regulatory elements, and tissue-specific expression patterns indicates the potential different biological roles of GS isoforms in <i>Cucurbitaceae</i>. In particular, we have identified a potentially available gene (<i>GS</i>1: CmoCh08G004920) from pumpkin that is relatively highly expressed and tissue-specifically expressed. RT-PCR analysis showed that most CmoGSs are induced by low temperature, and long-term (day 2 to day 9) cold stress has a more obvious effect on the RNA abundance of CmoGS. Our work presents the structure and expression patterns of all candidate members of the pumpkin and cucumber <i>GS</i> gene family, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such work has been presented. It is worth focusing on the candidate genes with strong capacity for improving pumpkin rootstock breeding in order to increase nitrogen-use efficiency in cold conditions, as well as rootstock-scion communication.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/11/11/1156genome-wideglutamine synthetase<i>Cucurbita moschata</i>expression profilephylogenyrootstock breeding |
| spellingShingle | Xiaojun Li Xiaohong Lu Mengshuang Liu Chenggang Xiang Wenqian Liu Cuicui Wang Xiaojing Zhang Tao Wang Zixi Liu Lihong Gao Wenna Zhang Genome-Wide Characterization of Glutamine Synthetase Family Genes in <i>Cucurbitaceae</i> and Their Potential Roles in Cold Response and Rootstock-Scion Signaling Communication Agriculture genome-wide glutamine synthetase <i>Cucurbita moschata</i> expression profile phylogeny rootstock breeding |
| title | Genome-Wide Characterization of Glutamine Synthetase Family Genes in <i>Cucurbitaceae</i> and Their Potential Roles in Cold Response and Rootstock-Scion Signaling Communication |
| title_full | Genome-Wide Characterization of Glutamine Synthetase Family Genes in <i>Cucurbitaceae</i> and Their Potential Roles in Cold Response and Rootstock-Scion Signaling Communication |
| title_fullStr | Genome-Wide Characterization of Glutamine Synthetase Family Genes in <i>Cucurbitaceae</i> and Their Potential Roles in Cold Response and Rootstock-Scion Signaling Communication |
| title_full_unstemmed | Genome-Wide Characterization of Glutamine Synthetase Family Genes in <i>Cucurbitaceae</i> and Their Potential Roles in Cold Response and Rootstock-Scion Signaling Communication |
| title_short | Genome-Wide Characterization of Glutamine Synthetase Family Genes in <i>Cucurbitaceae</i> and Their Potential Roles in Cold Response and Rootstock-Scion Signaling Communication |
| title_sort | genome wide characterization of glutamine synthetase family genes in i cucurbitaceae i and their potential roles in cold response and rootstock scion signaling communication |
| topic | genome-wide glutamine synthetase <i>Cucurbita moschata</i> expression profile phylogeny rootstock breeding |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/11/11/1156 |
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