A Critical Review of the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Opioid Medications Used in Avian Patients
Opioid drugs are used to manage moderate to severe pain in mammals and avian species. In dosing opioids for a particular species, it is optimal to use dosing regimens based on pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics studies conducted in the same species as variability in the physiology among different...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-12-01
|
| Series: | Birds |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-6004/3/1/1 |