Comparison of Important Quality Characteristics of Some Fungal Disease Resistance/Tolerance Grapes Dried with Energy-Saving Heat Pump Dryer
Raisins have been widely consumed for many years all around the world, and different grape cultivars and drying techniques are used in their production. Recently, mechanical drying systems have been used to overcome any undesirable effects that arise from sun-drying with grape cultivars that require...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-04-01
|
| Series: | Agronomy |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/4/909 |
| _version_ | 1797437294192361472 |
|---|---|
| author | Arif Atak Zekiye Göksel Cüneyt Tunçkal Yusuf Yılmaz |
| author_facet | Arif Atak Zekiye Göksel Cüneyt Tunçkal Yusuf Yılmaz |
| author_sort | Arif Atak |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Raisins have been widely consumed for many years all around the world, and different grape cultivars and drying techniques are used in their production. Recently, mechanical drying systems have been used to overcome any undesirable effects that arise from sun-drying with grape cultivars that require fewer pesticides to minimize the risk of residues. Both seeded and seedless cultivars were preferred for drying in the past; however, seedless grape cultivars have been increasingly preferred for drying purposes in addition to their use as table grapes. For the first time, an alternative processing method (using an energy-saving heat pump dryer) and important quality characteristics (total phenolics, antioxidant activity, brix, colour analyses and sensory evaluation) of disease resistant/tolerant grape cultivars of different species that can be grown in humid regions were investigated in this study. First, the fresh fruits of nine different grape (<i>Vitis</i> spp.) cultivars grown in a humid ecology were analysed, and then so too were the important phytochemical and quality characteristics of raisins dried with an energy-saving heat pump dryer. The water activity of the raisins ranged from 0.71 (Özer Beyazı) to 0.42 (Kay Gray). The total phenolic contents of Muscat Bleu (65.96), Philipp (64.88) and Campbell Early (64.53 g GAE/100 g db) berries were the highest (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The fresh berries of the Kishmish Vatkana cultivar had the lowest antioxidant activity, as determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay (525.81 mmol TE/100 g) (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The total phenolic contents of raisins ranged from 12.76 to 13.58 g GAE/100 g fw. The highest value on a dry weight basis was 19.30 g GAE/100 g for the raisins of the Özer Beyazı cultivar (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The highest antioxidant activity value on a dry weight basis was found for the raisins of Özer Beyazı (991.01 mmol TE/100 g) using the DPPH assay. The raisins of the Philipp cultivar had an antioxidant activity of 7893.51 mmol TE/100 g db, as determined by the ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assay, which was significantly higher than those of other cultivars, with the exception of Muscat Bleu (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The range for antioxidant activity values provided by the cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assay was high, and the highest value was found for the raisins of the Philipp cultivar (4505.21 mg Trolox/100 g fw) (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The results indicated that the raisins of the seedless Rhea and Kishmish Vatkana cultivars can be appreciated more than those of the other cultivars, both in terms of their bioactive content and sensory scores, and the raisins of these cultivars, which can be grown in humid regions, hold a great deal of potential for grape growers. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:16:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-50e92c9a340a481f86edd3dcdce9674c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:16:48Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-50e92c9a340a481f86edd3dcdce9674c2023-12-01T00:28:04ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952022-04-0112490910.3390/agronomy12040909Comparison of Important Quality Characteristics of Some Fungal Disease Resistance/Tolerance Grapes Dried with Energy-Saving Heat Pump DryerArif Atak0Zekiye Göksel1Cüneyt Tunçkal2Yusuf Yılmaz3Department of Viticulture, Atatürk Horticultural Central Research Institute, 77102 Yalova, TurkeyDepartment of Food Quality, Atatürk Horticultural Central Research Institute, 77102 Yalova, TurkeyAir Conditioning and Refrigeration Program, Department of Electric and Energy, Yalova Community College, Yalova University, 77102 Yalova, TurkeyDepartment of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, 15030 Burdur, TurkeyRaisins have been widely consumed for many years all around the world, and different grape cultivars and drying techniques are used in their production. Recently, mechanical drying systems have been used to overcome any undesirable effects that arise from sun-drying with grape cultivars that require fewer pesticides to minimize the risk of residues. Both seeded and seedless cultivars were preferred for drying in the past; however, seedless grape cultivars have been increasingly preferred for drying purposes in addition to their use as table grapes. For the first time, an alternative processing method (using an energy-saving heat pump dryer) and important quality characteristics (total phenolics, antioxidant activity, brix, colour analyses and sensory evaluation) of disease resistant/tolerant grape cultivars of different species that can be grown in humid regions were investigated in this study. First, the fresh fruits of nine different grape (<i>Vitis</i> spp.) cultivars grown in a humid ecology were analysed, and then so too were the important phytochemical and quality characteristics of raisins dried with an energy-saving heat pump dryer. The water activity of the raisins ranged from 0.71 (Özer Beyazı) to 0.42 (Kay Gray). The total phenolic contents of Muscat Bleu (65.96), Philipp (64.88) and Campbell Early (64.53 g GAE/100 g db) berries were the highest (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The fresh berries of the Kishmish Vatkana cultivar had the lowest antioxidant activity, as determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay (525.81 mmol TE/100 g) (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The total phenolic contents of raisins ranged from 12.76 to 13.58 g GAE/100 g fw. The highest value on a dry weight basis was 19.30 g GAE/100 g for the raisins of the Özer Beyazı cultivar (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The highest antioxidant activity value on a dry weight basis was found for the raisins of Özer Beyazı (991.01 mmol TE/100 g) using the DPPH assay. The raisins of the Philipp cultivar had an antioxidant activity of 7893.51 mmol TE/100 g db, as determined by the ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assay, which was significantly higher than those of other cultivars, with the exception of Muscat Bleu (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The range for antioxidant activity values provided by the cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assay was high, and the highest value was found for the raisins of the Philipp cultivar (4505.21 mg Trolox/100 g fw) (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The results indicated that the raisins of the seedless Rhea and Kishmish Vatkana cultivars can be appreciated more than those of the other cultivars, both in terms of their bioactive content and sensory scores, and the raisins of these cultivars, which can be grown in humid regions, hold a great deal of potential for grape growers.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/4/909phenolicsgrapes<i>Vitis</i>antioxidant activitysensory analyses |
| spellingShingle | Arif Atak Zekiye Göksel Cüneyt Tunçkal Yusuf Yılmaz Comparison of Important Quality Characteristics of Some Fungal Disease Resistance/Tolerance Grapes Dried with Energy-Saving Heat Pump Dryer Agronomy phenolics grapes <i>Vitis</i> antioxidant activity sensory analyses |
| title | Comparison of Important Quality Characteristics of Some Fungal Disease Resistance/Tolerance Grapes Dried with Energy-Saving Heat Pump Dryer |
| title_full | Comparison of Important Quality Characteristics of Some Fungal Disease Resistance/Tolerance Grapes Dried with Energy-Saving Heat Pump Dryer |
| title_fullStr | Comparison of Important Quality Characteristics of Some Fungal Disease Resistance/Tolerance Grapes Dried with Energy-Saving Heat Pump Dryer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparison of Important Quality Characteristics of Some Fungal Disease Resistance/Tolerance Grapes Dried with Energy-Saving Heat Pump Dryer |
| title_short | Comparison of Important Quality Characteristics of Some Fungal Disease Resistance/Tolerance Grapes Dried with Energy-Saving Heat Pump Dryer |
| title_sort | comparison of important quality characteristics of some fungal disease resistance tolerance grapes dried with energy saving heat pump dryer |
| topic | phenolics grapes <i>Vitis</i> antioxidant activity sensory analyses |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/4/909 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT arifatak comparisonofimportantqualitycharacteristicsofsomefungaldiseaseresistancetolerancegrapesdriedwithenergysavingheatpumpdryer AT zekiyegoksel comparisonofimportantqualitycharacteristicsofsomefungaldiseaseresistancetolerancegrapesdriedwithenergysavingheatpumpdryer AT cuneyttunckal comparisonofimportantqualitycharacteristicsofsomefungaldiseaseresistancetolerancegrapesdriedwithenergysavingheatpumpdryer AT yusufyılmaz comparisonofimportantqualitycharacteristicsofsomefungaldiseaseresistancetolerancegrapesdriedwithenergysavingheatpumpdryer |