Differential impact of smoking on cardiac or non-cardiac death according to age.
Tobacco smoking causes cardiovascular diseases, lung disease, and various cancers. Understanding the population-based characteristics associated with smoking and the cause of death is important to improve survival. This study sought to evaluate the differential impact of smoking on cardiac or non-ca...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2019-01-01
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| Series: | PLoS ONE |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224486 |
| _version_ | 1818985743373041664 |
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| author | Wonsuk Choi Sun-Hwa Kim Si-Hyuck Kang Jin Joo Park Chang-Hwan Yoon Tae-Jin Youn In-Ho Chae |
| author_facet | Wonsuk Choi Sun-Hwa Kim Si-Hyuck Kang Jin Joo Park Chang-Hwan Yoon Tae-Jin Youn In-Ho Chae |
| author_sort | Wonsuk Choi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Tobacco smoking causes cardiovascular diseases, lung disease, and various cancers. Understanding the population-based characteristics associated with smoking and the cause of death is important to improve survival. This study sought to evaluate the differential impact of smoking on cardiac or non-cardiac death according to age. Data from 514,866 healthy adults who underwent national health screening in South Korea were analyzed. The participants were divided into three groups: never-smoker, ex-smoker or current smoker according to the smoking status. The incidence rates and hazard ratios (HRs) of cardiac or non-cardiac deaths according to smoking status and age groups during the 10-year follow-up were calculated to evaluate the differential risk of smoking. Over the follow-up period, 6,192 and 24,443 cardiac and non-cardiac deaths had occurred, respectively. The estimated incidence rate of cardiac and non-cardiac death gradually increased in older age groups and was higher in current smokers and ex-smokers than that in never-smokers among all age groups. After adjustment of covariates, the HRs for cardiac death of current smokers compared to never-smokers were the highest in individuals in their 40's (1.82; 95% CI, 1.45-2.28); this gradually decreased to 0.96 (95% CI, 0.67-1.38) in individuals >80 years. In contrast, the HRs for non-cardiac death peaked in individuals in their 50's, (HR 1.69, 95% CI 1.57-1.82) and was sustained in those >80 years (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.17-1.69). Ex-smokers did not show elevated risk of cardiac death compared to never-smokers in any age group, whereas they showed significantly higher risk of non-cardiac death in their 60's and 70's (HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.19-1.39; HR 1.22, 95% CI, 1.12-1.32, respectively). Acute myocardial infarction and lung cancer showed patterns similar to those of cardiac and non-cardiac death, respectively. Smoking was associated with higher relative risk of cardiac death in the middle-aged group and non-cardiac death in the older age group. Ex-smokers in the older age group had elevated risk of non-cardiac death. To prevent early cardiac death and late non-cardiac death, smoking cessation should be emphasized as early as possible. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T18:39:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-50f062c00bf74d2d8488244d900ccbb7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T18:39:45Z |
| publishDate | 2019-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS ONE |
| spelling | doaj.art-50f062c00bf74d2d8488244d900ccbb72022-12-21T19:29:50ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032019-01-011410e022448610.1371/journal.pone.0224486Differential impact of smoking on cardiac or non-cardiac death according to age.Wonsuk ChoiSun-Hwa KimSi-Hyuck KangJin Joo ParkChang-Hwan YoonTae-Jin YounIn-Ho ChaeTobacco smoking causes cardiovascular diseases, lung disease, and various cancers. Understanding the population-based characteristics associated with smoking and the cause of death is important to improve survival. This study sought to evaluate the differential impact of smoking on cardiac or non-cardiac death according to age. Data from 514,866 healthy adults who underwent national health screening in South Korea were analyzed. The participants were divided into three groups: never-smoker, ex-smoker or current smoker according to the smoking status. The incidence rates and hazard ratios (HRs) of cardiac or non-cardiac deaths according to smoking status and age groups during the 10-year follow-up were calculated to evaluate the differential risk of smoking. Over the follow-up period, 6,192 and 24,443 cardiac and non-cardiac deaths had occurred, respectively. The estimated incidence rate of cardiac and non-cardiac death gradually increased in older age groups and was higher in current smokers and ex-smokers than that in never-smokers among all age groups. After adjustment of covariates, the HRs for cardiac death of current smokers compared to never-smokers were the highest in individuals in their 40's (1.82; 95% CI, 1.45-2.28); this gradually decreased to 0.96 (95% CI, 0.67-1.38) in individuals >80 years. In contrast, the HRs for non-cardiac death peaked in individuals in their 50's, (HR 1.69, 95% CI 1.57-1.82) and was sustained in those >80 years (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.17-1.69). Ex-smokers did not show elevated risk of cardiac death compared to never-smokers in any age group, whereas they showed significantly higher risk of non-cardiac death in their 60's and 70's (HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.19-1.39; HR 1.22, 95% CI, 1.12-1.32, respectively). Acute myocardial infarction and lung cancer showed patterns similar to those of cardiac and non-cardiac death, respectively. Smoking was associated with higher relative risk of cardiac death in the middle-aged group and non-cardiac death in the older age group. Ex-smokers in the older age group had elevated risk of non-cardiac death. To prevent early cardiac death and late non-cardiac death, smoking cessation should be emphasized as early as possible.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224486 |
| spellingShingle | Wonsuk Choi Sun-Hwa Kim Si-Hyuck Kang Jin Joo Park Chang-Hwan Yoon Tae-Jin Youn In-Ho Chae Differential impact of smoking on cardiac or non-cardiac death according to age. PLoS ONE |
| title | Differential impact of smoking on cardiac or non-cardiac death according to age. |
| title_full | Differential impact of smoking on cardiac or non-cardiac death according to age. |
| title_fullStr | Differential impact of smoking on cardiac or non-cardiac death according to age. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Differential impact of smoking on cardiac or non-cardiac death according to age. |
| title_short | Differential impact of smoking on cardiac or non-cardiac death according to age. |
| title_sort | differential impact of smoking on cardiac or non cardiac death according to age |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224486 |
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