Organic Acid-Catalyzed Subcritical Water Hydrolysis of Immature <i>Citrus unshiu</i> Pomace
Immature <i>Citrus unshiu</i> pomace (ICUP) was hydrolyzed under organic acid-catalyzed, subcritical water (SW) conditions to produce flavonoid monoglucosides (hesperetin-7-<i>O</i>-glycoside and prunin) and aglycons (hesperetin and naringenin) with high biological activities...
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/1/18 |
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| author | Sang-Bin Lim |
| author_facet | Sang-Bin Lim |
| author_sort | Sang-Bin Lim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Immature <i>Citrus unshiu</i> pomace (ICUP) was hydrolyzed under organic acid-catalyzed, subcritical water (SW) conditions to produce flavonoid monoglucosides (hesperetin-7-<i>O</i>-glycoside and prunin) and aglycons (hesperetin and naringenin) with high biological activities. The results of single-factor experiments showed that with 8 h of hydrolysis and an increasing citric acid concentration, the yield of flavonoid monoglucosides (hesperetin-7-<i>O</i>-glycoside and prunin) increased from 0 to 7% citric acid. Afterward, the hesperetin-7-<i>O</i>-glycoside yield remained constant (from 7 to 19% citric acid) while the pruning yield decreased with 19% of citric acid, whereas the aglycon yield increased continuously. In response surface methodology analysis, a citric acid concentration and hydrolysis duration of 13.34% and 7.94 h were predicted to produce the highest monoglucoside yield of 15.41 mg/g, while 18.48% citric acid and a 9.65 h hydrolysis duration produced the highest aglycon yield of 10.00 mg/g. The inhibitory activities of the SW hydrolysates against pancreatic lipase (PL) and xanthine oxidase (XO) were greatly affected by citric acid concentration and hydrolysis duration, respectively. PL and α-glucosidase inhibition rates of 88.2% and 62.7%, respectively, were achieved with 18.48% citric acid and an 8 h hydrolysis duration, compared to 72.8% for XO with 16% citric acid and 12 h of hydrolysis. This study confirms the potential of citric acid-catalyzed SW hydrolysis of ICUP for producing flavonoid monoglucosides and aglycons with enhanced enzyme inhibitory activities. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:41:24Z |
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| id | doaj.art-5110edeacbd0486faddf60b31fac3f0f |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:41:24Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-5110edeacbd0486faddf60b31fac3f0f2023-11-23T11:30:12ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582021-12-011111810.3390/foods11010018Organic Acid-Catalyzed Subcritical Water Hydrolysis of Immature <i>Citrus unshiu</i> PomaceSang-Bin Lim0Department of Food Bioengineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, KoreaImmature <i>Citrus unshiu</i> pomace (ICUP) was hydrolyzed under organic acid-catalyzed, subcritical water (SW) conditions to produce flavonoid monoglucosides (hesperetin-7-<i>O</i>-glycoside and prunin) and aglycons (hesperetin and naringenin) with high biological activities. The results of single-factor experiments showed that with 8 h of hydrolysis and an increasing citric acid concentration, the yield of flavonoid monoglucosides (hesperetin-7-<i>O</i>-glycoside and prunin) increased from 0 to 7% citric acid. Afterward, the hesperetin-7-<i>O</i>-glycoside yield remained constant (from 7 to 19% citric acid) while the pruning yield decreased with 19% of citric acid, whereas the aglycon yield increased continuously. In response surface methodology analysis, a citric acid concentration and hydrolysis duration of 13.34% and 7.94 h were predicted to produce the highest monoglucoside yield of 15.41 mg/g, while 18.48% citric acid and a 9.65 h hydrolysis duration produced the highest aglycon yield of 10.00 mg/g. The inhibitory activities of the SW hydrolysates against pancreatic lipase (PL) and xanthine oxidase (XO) were greatly affected by citric acid concentration and hydrolysis duration, respectively. PL and α-glucosidase inhibition rates of 88.2% and 62.7%, respectively, were achieved with 18.48% citric acid and an 8 h hydrolysis duration, compared to 72.8% for XO with 16% citric acid and 12 h of hydrolysis. This study confirms the potential of citric acid-catalyzed SW hydrolysis of ICUP for producing flavonoid monoglucosides and aglycons with enhanced enzyme inhibitory activities.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/1/18immature <i>Citrus unshiu</i> pomaceflavonoidssubcritical water hydrolysisresponse surface methodologyenzyme inhibitory activity |
| spellingShingle | Sang-Bin Lim Organic Acid-Catalyzed Subcritical Water Hydrolysis of Immature <i>Citrus unshiu</i> Pomace Foods immature <i>Citrus unshiu</i> pomace flavonoids subcritical water hydrolysis response surface methodology enzyme inhibitory activity |
| title | Organic Acid-Catalyzed Subcritical Water Hydrolysis of Immature <i>Citrus unshiu</i> Pomace |
| title_full | Organic Acid-Catalyzed Subcritical Water Hydrolysis of Immature <i>Citrus unshiu</i> Pomace |
| title_fullStr | Organic Acid-Catalyzed Subcritical Water Hydrolysis of Immature <i>Citrus unshiu</i> Pomace |
| title_full_unstemmed | Organic Acid-Catalyzed Subcritical Water Hydrolysis of Immature <i>Citrus unshiu</i> Pomace |
| title_short | Organic Acid-Catalyzed Subcritical Water Hydrolysis of Immature <i>Citrus unshiu</i> Pomace |
| title_sort | organic acid catalyzed subcritical water hydrolysis of immature i citrus unshiu i pomace |
| topic | immature <i>Citrus unshiu</i> pomace flavonoids subcritical water hydrolysis response surface methodology enzyme inhibitory activity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/1/18 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sangbinlim organicacidcatalyzedsubcriticalwaterhydrolysisofimmatureicitrusunshiuipomace |