T Cells That Help B Cells in Chronically Inflamed Tissues
Chronically inflamed tissues commonly accrue lymphocyte aggregates that facilitate local T cell-B cell interactions. These aggregates can range from small, loosely arranged lymphocyte clusters to large, organized ectopic lymphoid structures. In some cases, ectopic lymphoid structures develop germina...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2018-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01924/full |
| _version_ | 1818926545583996928 |
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| author | Deepak A. Rao |
| author_facet | Deepak A. Rao |
| author_sort | Deepak A. Rao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Chronically inflamed tissues commonly accrue lymphocyte aggregates that facilitate local T cell-B cell interactions. These aggregates can range from small, loosely arranged lymphocyte clusters to large, organized ectopic lymphoid structures. In some cases, ectopic lymphoid structures develop germinal centers that house prototypical T follicular helper (Tfh) cells with high expression of Bcl6, CXCR5, PD-1, and ICOS. However, in many chronically inflamed tissues, the T cells that interact with B cells show substantial differences from Tfh cells in their surface phenotypes, migratory capacity, and transcriptional regulation. This review discusses observations from multiple diseases and models in which tissue-infiltrating T cells produce factors associated with B cell help, including IL-21 and the B cell chemoattractant CXCL13, yet vary dramatically in their resemblance to Tfh cells. Particular attention is given to the PD-1hi CXCR5− Bcl6low T peripheral helper (Tph) cell population in rheumatoid arthritis, which infiltrates inflamed synovium through expression of chemokine receptors such as CCR2 and augments synovial B cell responses via CXCL13 and IL-21. The factors that regulate CD4+ T cell production of CXCL13 and IL-21 in these settings are also discussed. Understanding the range of T cell populations that can provide help to B cells within chronically inflamed tissues is essential to recognize these cells in diverse inflammatory conditions and to optimize either broad or selective therapeutic targeting of B cell-helper T cells. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T02:58:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-51232fbcb1fb49c18b18edb35f8053c2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T02:58:49Z |
| publishDate | 2018-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-51232fbcb1fb49c18b18edb35f8053c22022-12-21T19:55:49ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242018-08-01910.3389/fimmu.2018.01924402904T Cells That Help B Cells in Chronically Inflamed TissuesDeepak A. RaoChronically inflamed tissues commonly accrue lymphocyte aggregates that facilitate local T cell-B cell interactions. These aggregates can range from small, loosely arranged lymphocyte clusters to large, organized ectopic lymphoid structures. In some cases, ectopic lymphoid structures develop germinal centers that house prototypical T follicular helper (Tfh) cells with high expression of Bcl6, CXCR5, PD-1, and ICOS. However, in many chronically inflamed tissues, the T cells that interact with B cells show substantial differences from Tfh cells in their surface phenotypes, migratory capacity, and transcriptional regulation. This review discusses observations from multiple diseases and models in which tissue-infiltrating T cells produce factors associated with B cell help, including IL-21 and the B cell chemoattractant CXCL13, yet vary dramatically in their resemblance to Tfh cells. Particular attention is given to the PD-1hi CXCR5− Bcl6low T peripheral helper (Tph) cell population in rheumatoid arthritis, which infiltrates inflamed synovium through expression of chemokine receptors such as CCR2 and augments synovial B cell responses via CXCL13 and IL-21. The factors that regulate CD4+ T cell production of CXCL13 and IL-21 in these settings are also discussed. Understanding the range of T cell populations that can provide help to B cells within chronically inflamed tissues is essential to recognize these cells in diverse inflammatory conditions and to optimize either broad or selective therapeutic targeting of B cell-helper T cells.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01924/fullT follicular helper cellsT peripheral helper cellsIL-21CXCL13B cellsectopic lymphoid structure |
| spellingShingle | Deepak A. Rao T Cells That Help B Cells in Chronically Inflamed Tissues Frontiers in Immunology T follicular helper cells T peripheral helper cells IL-21 CXCL13 B cells ectopic lymphoid structure |
| title | T Cells That Help B Cells in Chronically Inflamed Tissues |
| title_full | T Cells That Help B Cells in Chronically Inflamed Tissues |
| title_fullStr | T Cells That Help B Cells in Chronically Inflamed Tissues |
| title_full_unstemmed | T Cells That Help B Cells in Chronically Inflamed Tissues |
| title_short | T Cells That Help B Cells in Chronically Inflamed Tissues |
| title_sort | t cells that help b cells in chronically inflamed tissues |
| topic | T follicular helper cells T peripheral helper cells IL-21 CXCL13 B cells ectopic lymphoid structure |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01924/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT deepakarao tcellsthathelpbcellsinchronicallyinflamedtissues |