A Low-Power, 65 nm 24.6-to-30.1 GHz Trusted LC Voltage-Controlled Oscillator Achieving 191.7 dBc/Hz FoM at 1 MHz
This work presents a novel trusted LC voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with an embedded compact analog Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) used for authentication. The trusted VCO is implemented in a 1P9M 65 nm standard CMOS process and consumes 1.75 mW. It exhibits a measured phase noise (PN) o...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9268/14/1/10 |
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| author | Abdullah Kurtoglu Amir H. M. Shirazi Shahriar Mirabbasi Hossein Miri Lavasani |
| author_facet | Abdullah Kurtoglu Amir H. M. Shirazi Shahriar Mirabbasi Hossein Miri Lavasani |
| author_sort | Abdullah Kurtoglu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This work presents a novel trusted LC voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with an embedded compact analog Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) used for authentication. The trusted VCO is implemented in a 1P9M 65 nm standard CMOS process and consumes 1.75 mW. It exhibits a measured phase noise (PN) of −104.8 dBc/Hz @ 1 MHz and −132.2 dBc/Hz @ 10 MHz offset, resulting in Figures of Merit (FoMs) of 191.7 dBc/Hz and 199.1 dBc/Hz, respectively. With the measured frequency tuning range (TR) of ~5.5 GHz, the FoM with tuning (FoM<sub>T</sub>) reaches 197.6 dBc/Hz and 205.0 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz and 10 MHz offset, respectively. The analog PUF consists of CMOS cross-coupled pairs in the main VCO to change analog characteristics. Benefiting from the impedance change and parasitic capacitance of the cross-coupled pairs, the AC and DC responses of the VCO are utilized for multiple responses for each input. The PUF consumes 0.83 pJ/bit when operating at 1.5 Gbps. The proposed PUF exhibits a measured Inter-Hamming Distance (HD) of 0.5058b and 0.4978b, with Intra-HD reaching 0.0055b and 0.0053b for the current consumption and f<sub>osc</sub>, respectively. The autocorrelation function (ACF) of 0.0111 and 0.0110 is obtained for the current consumption and f<sub>osc</sub>, respectively, at a 95% confidence level. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:07:58Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-51519565957d4cb6976af364e80868a9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-9268 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:07:58Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications |
| spelling | doaj.art-51519565957d4cb6976af364e80868a92024-03-27T13:48:58ZengMDPI AGJournal of Low Power Electronics and Applications2079-92682024-02-011411010.3390/jlpea14010010A Low-Power, 65 nm 24.6-to-30.1 GHz Trusted LC Voltage-Controlled Oscillator Achieving 191.7 dBc/Hz FoM at 1 MHzAbdullah Kurtoglu0Amir H. M. Shirazi1Shahriar Mirabbasi2Hossein Miri Lavasani3Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USADepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaDepartment of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USAThis work presents a novel trusted LC voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with an embedded compact analog Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) used for authentication. The trusted VCO is implemented in a 1P9M 65 nm standard CMOS process and consumes 1.75 mW. It exhibits a measured phase noise (PN) of −104.8 dBc/Hz @ 1 MHz and −132.2 dBc/Hz @ 10 MHz offset, resulting in Figures of Merit (FoMs) of 191.7 dBc/Hz and 199.1 dBc/Hz, respectively. With the measured frequency tuning range (TR) of ~5.5 GHz, the FoM with tuning (FoM<sub>T</sub>) reaches 197.6 dBc/Hz and 205.0 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz and 10 MHz offset, respectively. The analog PUF consists of CMOS cross-coupled pairs in the main VCO to change analog characteristics. Benefiting from the impedance change and parasitic capacitance of the cross-coupled pairs, the AC and DC responses of the VCO are utilized for multiple responses for each input. The PUF consumes 0.83 pJ/bit when operating at 1.5 Gbps. The proposed PUF exhibits a measured Inter-Hamming Distance (HD) of 0.5058b and 0.4978b, with Intra-HD reaching 0.0055b and 0.0053b for the current consumption and f<sub>osc</sub>, respectively. The autocorrelation function (ACF) of 0.0111 and 0.0110 is obtained for the current consumption and f<sub>osc</sub>, respectively, at a 95% confidence level.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9268/14/1/10analog PUFLC VCOtrusted VCOembedded analog PUF |
| spellingShingle | Abdullah Kurtoglu Amir H. M. Shirazi Shahriar Mirabbasi Hossein Miri Lavasani A Low-Power, 65 nm 24.6-to-30.1 GHz Trusted LC Voltage-Controlled Oscillator Achieving 191.7 dBc/Hz FoM at 1 MHz Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications analog PUF LC VCO trusted VCO embedded analog PUF |
| title | A Low-Power, 65 nm 24.6-to-30.1 GHz Trusted LC Voltage-Controlled Oscillator Achieving 191.7 dBc/Hz FoM at 1 MHz |
| title_full | A Low-Power, 65 nm 24.6-to-30.1 GHz Trusted LC Voltage-Controlled Oscillator Achieving 191.7 dBc/Hz FoM at 1 MHz |
| title_fullStr | A Low-Power, 65 nm 24.6-to-30.1 GHz Trusted LC Voltage-Controlled Oscillator Achieving 191.7 dBc/Hz FoM at 1 MHz |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Low-Power, 65 nm 24.6-to-30.1 GHz Trusted LC Voltage-Controlled Oscillator Achieving 191.7 dBc/Hz FoM at 1 MHz |
| title_short | A Low-Power, 65 nm 24.6-to-30.1 GHz Trusted LC Voltage-Controlled Oscillator Achieving 191.7 dBc/Hz FoM at 1 MHz |
| title_sort | low power 65 nm 24 6 to 30 1 ghz trusted lc voltage controlled oscillator achieving 191 7 dbc hz fom at 1 mhz |
| topic | analog PUF LC VCO trusted VCO embedded analog PUF |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9268/14/1/10 |
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