Long-Term Variations of Global Solar Radiation and Atmospheric Constituents at Sodankylä in the Arctic
An empirical model of global solar irradiance (EMGSI) under all sky conditions was developed by using solar radiation and meteorological parameters at Sodankylä. The calculated hourly global solar irradiance is in agreement with that observed at the ground during 2008–2011 and at the top of the atmo...
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MDPI AG
2021-06-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/6/749 |
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| author | Jianhui Bai Anu Heikkilä Xuemei Zong |
| author_facet | Jianhui Bai Anu Heikkilä Xuemei Zong |
| author_sort | Jianhui Bai |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | An empirical model of global solar irradiance (EMGSI) under all sky conditions was developed by using solar radiation and meteorological parameters at Sodankylä. The calculated hourly global solar irradiance is in agreement with that observed at the ground during 2008–2011 and at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). This model is used to calculate the global solar irradiance at the ground and its attenuation in the atmosphere due to absorbing and scattering substances in 2000–2018. The sensitivity test indicates that the responses of global solar irradiance to changes in water vapor and scattering factors are nonlinear and negative, and global solar irradiance is more sensitive to changes in scattering (expressed by the scattering factor S/G, S and G are diffuse and global solar radiation, respectively) than to changes in water vapor. Using this empirical model, we calculated the albedos at the TOA and the surface, which are in agreement with the satellite-retrieved values. A good relationship between S/G and aerosol optical depth (AOD) was determined and used to estimate AOD in 2000–2018. An empirical model for estimation of tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> vertical column density (VCD) was also developed and used to calculate tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> VCD in 2000–2018. During 2000–2018, the estimated global solar irradiance decreased by 0.92%, and diffuse irradiance increased by 1.28% per year, which is ascribed to the increases of S/G (1.73%) and water vapor (0.43%). Annual surface air temperature increases by 0.07 °C per year. Annual mean loss of global solar irradiance caused by absorbing and scattering substances and total loss are 1.94, 1.17 and 3.11 MJ m<sup>−2</sup>, respectively. Annual mean losses of absorbing and scattering global solar irradiance show negative and positive trends, respectively, and the annual total loss increases by 0.24% per year. Annual mean losses due to absorption were much larger than those due to scattering. The calculated albedos at the TOA are smaller than at the surface. The calculated and satellite-retrieved annual albedos decrease at the TOA and increase at the surface. During 2000–2018, annual means of the AOD and the tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> VCD increased by 8.23% and 0.03% per year, respectively. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:33:07Z |
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| id | doaj.art-515490e82e1f406a93b9efbba5c57ecf |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:33:07Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-515490e82e1f406a93b9efbba5c57ecf2023-11-21T23:28:46ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332021-06-0112674910.3390/atmos12060749Long-Term Variations of Global Solar Radiation and Atmospheric Constituents at Sodankylä in the ArcticJianhui Bai0Anu Heikkilä1Xuemei Zong2LAGEO, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, ChinaFinnish Meteorological Institute, Climate Research Unit, 503 Helsinki, FinlandLAGEO, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, ChinaAn empirical model of global solar irradiance (EMGSI) under all sky conditions was developed by using solar radiation and meteorological parameters at Sodankylä. The calculated hourly global solar irradiance is in agreement with that observed at the ground during 2008–2011 and at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). This model is used to calculate the global solar irradiance at the ground and its attenuation in the atmosphere due to absorbing and scattering substances in 2000–2018. The sensitivity test indicates that the responses of global solar irradiance to changes in water vapor and scattering factors are nonlinear and negative, and global solar irradiance is more sensitive to changes in scattering (expressed by the scattering factor S/G, S and G are diffuse and global solar radiation, respectively) than to changes in water vapor. Using this empirical model, we calculated the albedos at the TOA and the surface, which are in agreement with the satellite-retrieved values. A good relationship between S/G and aerosol optical depth (AOD) was determined and used to estimate AOD in 2000–2018. An empirical model for estimation of tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> vertical column density (VCD) was also developed and used to calculate tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> VCD in 2000–2018. During 2000–2018, the estimated global solar irradiance decreased by 0.92%, and diffuse irradiance increased by 1.28% per year, which is ascribed to the increases of S/G (1.73%) and water vapor (0.43%). Annual surface air temperature increases by 0.07 °C per year. Annual mean loss of global solar irradiance caused by absorbing and scattering substances and total loss are 1.94, 1.17 and 3.11 MJ m<sup>−2</sup>, respectively. Annual mean losses of absorbing and scattering global solar irradiance show negative and positive trends, respectively, and the annual total loss increases by 0.24% per year. Annual mean losses due to absorption were much larger than those due to scattering. The calculated albedos at the TOA are smaller than at the surface. The calculated and satellite-retrieved annual albedos decrease at the TOA and increase at the surface. During 2000–2018, annual means of the AOD and the tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> VCD increased by 8.23% and 0.03% per year, respectively.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/6/749absorbing and scattering factorsenergyaerosol optical depthNO<sub>2</sub> VCDclimate |
| spellingShingle | Jianhui Bai Anu Heikkilä Xuemei Zong Long-Term Variations of Global Solar Radiation and Atmospheric Constituents at Sodankylä in the Arctic Atmosphere absorbing and scattering factors energy aerosol optical depth NO<sub>2</sub> VCD climate |
| title | Long-Term Variations of Global Solar Radiation and Atmospheric Constituents at Sodankylä in the Arctic |
| title_full | Long-Term Variations of Global Solar Radiation and Atmospheric Constituents at Sodankylä in the Arctic |
| title_fullStr | Long-Term Variations of Global Solar Radiation and Atmospheric Constituents at Sodankylä in the Arctic |
| title_full_unstemmed | Long-Term Variations of Global Solar Radiation and Atmospheric Constituents at Sodankylä in the Arctic |
| title_short | Long-Term Variations of Global Solar Radiation and Atmospheric Constituents at Sodankylä in the Arctic |
| title_sort | long term variations of global solar radiation and atmospheric constituents at sodankyla in the arctic |
| topic | absorbing and scattering factors energy aerosol optical depth NO<sub>2</sub> VCD climate |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/6/749 |
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