IoT-Chain and Monitoring-Chain Using Multilevel Blockchain for IoT Security
In general, the Internet of Things (IoT) relies on centralized servers due to limited computing power and storage capacity. These server-based architectures have vulnerabilities such as DDoS attacks, single-point errors, and data forgery, and cannot guarantee stability and reliability. Blockchain te...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8271 |
| _version_ | 1797466523849195520 |
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| author | Dongjun Na Sejin Park |
| author_facet | Dongjun Na Sejin Park |
| author_sort | Dongjun Na |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In general, the Internet of Things (IoT) relies on centralized servers due to limited computing power and storage capacity. These server-based architectures have vulnerabilities such as DDoS attacks, single-point errors, and data forgery, and cannot guarantee stability and reliability. Blockchain technology can guarantee reliability and stability with a P2P network-based consensus algorithm and distributed ledger technology. However, it requires the high storage capacity of the existing blockchain and the computational power of the consensus algorithm. Therefore, blockchain nodes for IoT data management are maintained through an external cloud, an edge node. As a result, the vulnerability of the existing centralized structure cannot be guaranteed, and reliability cannot be guaranteed in the process of storing IoT data on the blockchain. In this paper, we propose a multi-level blockchain structure and consensus algorithm to solve the vulnerability. A multi-level blockchain operates on IoT devices, and there is an IoT chain layer that stores sensor data to ensure reliability. In addition, there is a hyperledger fabric-based monitoring chain layer that operates the access control for the metadata and data of the IoT chain to lighten the weight. We propose an export consensus method between the two blockchains, the Schnorr signature method, and a random-based lightweight consensus algorithm within the IoT-Chain. Experiments to measure the blockchain size, propagation time, consensus delay time, and transactions per second (TPS) were conducted using IoT. The blockchain did not exceed a certain size, and the delay time was reduced by 96% to 99% on average compared to the existing consensus algorithm. In the throughput tests, the maximum was 1701 TPS and the minimum was 1024 TPS. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:40:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-51765e11c314446e8cd70f4fae92bda6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:40:01Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-51765e11c314446e8cd70f4fae92bda62023-11-24T06:45:27ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202022-10-012221827110.3390/s22218271IoT-Chain and Monitoring-Chain Using Multilevel Blockchain for IoT SecurityDongjun Na0Sejin Park1Department of Computer Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 1095, KoreaDepartment of Computer Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 1095, KoreaIn general, the Internet of Things (IoT) relies on centralized servers due to limited computing power and storage capacity. These server-based architectures have vulnerabilities such as DDoS attacks, single-point errors, and data forgery, and cannot guarantee stability and reliability. Blockchain technology can guarantee reliability and stability with a P2P network-based consensus algorithm and distributed ledger technology. However, it requires the high storage capacity of the existing blockchain and the computational power of the consensus algorithm. Therefore, blockchain nodes for IoT data management are maintained through an external cloud, an edge node. As a result, the vulnerability of the existing centralized structure cannot be guaranteed, and reliability cannot be guaranteed in the process of storing IoT data on the blockchain. In this paper, we propose a multi-level blockchain structure and consensus algorithm to solve the vulnerability. A multi-level blockchain operates on IoT devices, and there is an IoT chain layer that stores sensor data to ensure reliability. In addition, there is a hyperledger fabric-based monitoring chain layer that operates the access control for the metadata and data of the IoT chain to lighten the weight. We propose an export consensus method between the two blockchains, the Schnorr signature method, and a random-based lightweight consensus algorithm within the IoT-Chain. Experiments to measure the blockchain size, propagation time, consensus delay time, and transactions per second (TPS) were conducted using IoT. The blockchain did not exceed a certain size, and the delay time was reduced by 96% to 99% on average compared to the existing consensus algorithm. In the throughput tests, the maximum was 1701 TPS and the minimum was 1024 TPS.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8271Internet of Thingsmultilevel blockchainlightweightdata reliabilityprivacy protection |
| spellingShingle | Dongjun Na Sejin Park IoT-Chain and Monitoring-Chain Using Multilevel Blockchain for IoT Security Sensors Internet of Things multilevel blockchain lightweight data reliability privacy protection |
| title | IoT-Chain and Monitoring-Chain Using Multilevel Blockchain for IoT Security |
| title_full | IoT-Chain and Monitoring-Chain Using Multilevel Blockchain for IoT Security |
| title_fullStr | IoT-Chain and Monitoring-Chain Using Multilevel Blockchain for IoT Security |
| title_full_unstemmed | IoT-Chain and Monitoring-Chain Using Multilevel Blockchain for IoT Security |
| title_short | IoT-Chain and Monitoring-Chain Using Multilevel Blockchain for IoT Security |
| title_sort | iot chain and monitoring chain using multilevel blockchain for iot security |
| topic | Internet of Things multilevel blockchain lightweight data reliability privacy protection |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8271 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dongjunna iotchainandmonitoringchainusingmultilevelblockchainforiotsecurity AT sejinpark iotchainandmonitoringchainusingmultilevelblockchainforiotsecurity |