Experimental Pharmacotherapy for Dry Eye Disease: A Review
Monica Baiula, Santi Spampinato Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyCorrespondence: Santi SpampinatoDepartment of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, Bologna, ItalyTel +39 0512091851Email santi.spampinato@unibo.itAbstract: Dry...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Dove Medical Press
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Journal of Experimental Pharmacology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.dovepress.com/experimental-pharmacotherapy-for-dry-eye-disease-a-review-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JEP |
| _version_ | 1818734344005484544 |
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| author | Baiula M Spampinato S |
| author_facet | Baiula M Spampinato S |
| author_sort | Baiula M |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Monica Baiula, Santi Spampinato Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyCorrespondence: Santi SpampinatoDepartment of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, Bologna, ItalyTel +39 0512091851Email santi.spampinato@unibo.itAbstract: Dry eye disease (DED) is a complex multifactorial disease showing heterogenous symptoms, including dryness, photophobia, ocular discomfort, irritation and burning but also pain. These symptoms can affect visual function leading to restrictions in daily life activities and reduction in work productivity with a consequently high impact on quality of life. Several pathological mechanisms contribute to the disease: evaporative water loss leads to impairment and loss of tear homeostasis inducing either directly or indirectly to inflammation, in a self-perpetuating vicious cycle. Dysregulated ocular immune responses result in ocular surface damage, which further contributes to DED pathogenesis. Currently, DED treatment is based on a flexible stepwise approach to identify the most beneficial intervention. Although most of the available treatments may control to a certain extent some signs and symptoms of DED, they show significant limitations and do not completely address the needs of patients suffering from DED. This review provides an overview of the emerging experimental therapies for DED. Several promising therapeutic strategies are under development with the aim of dampening inflammation and restoring the homeostasis of the ocular surface microenvironment. Results from early phase clinical trials, testing the effects of EnaC blockers, TRPM8 agonist or mesenchymal stem cells in DED patients, are especially awaited to demonstrate their therapeutic value for the treatment of DED. Moreover, the most advanced experimental strategies in the pipeline for DED, tivanisiran, IL-1R antagonist EBI-005 and SkQ1, are being tested in Phase III clinical trials, still ongoing. Nevertheless, although promising results, further studies are still needed to confirm efficacy and safety of the new emerging therapies for DED.Keywords: dry eye disease, inflammation, tivanisiran, IL-1R antagonist, SkQ1 |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-18T00:03:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-518e59dd6b3946c5924131cc81958eb7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1179-1454 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-18T00:03:52Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | Dove Medical Press |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Experimental Pharmacology |
| spelling | doaj.art-518e59dd6b3946c5924131cc81958eb72022-12-21T21:27:52ZengDove Medical PressJournal of Experimental Pharmacology1179-14542021-03-01Volume 1334535863337Experimental Pharmacotherapy for Dry Eye Disease: A ReviewBaiula MSpampinato SMonica Baiula, Santi Spampinato Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyCorrespondence: Santi SpampinatoDepartment of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, Bologna, ItalyTel +39 0512091851Email santi.spampinato@unibo.itAbstract: Dry eye disease (DED) is a complex multifactorial disease showing heterogenous symptoms, including dryness, photophobia, ocular discomfort, irritation and burning but also pain. These symptoms can affect visual function leading to restrictions in daily life activities and reduction in work productivity with a consequently high impact on quality of life. Several pathological mechanisms contribute to the disease: evaporative water loss leads to impairment and loss of tear homeostasis inducing either directly or indirectly to inflammation, in a self-perpetuating vicious cycle. Dysregulated ocular immune responses result in ocular surface damage, which further contributes to DED pathogenesis. Currently, DED treatment is based on a flexible stepwise approach to identify the most beneficial intervention. Although most of the available treatments may control to a certain extent some signs and symptoms of DED, they show significant limitations and do not completely address the needs of patients suffering from DED. This review provides an overview of the emerging experimental therapies for DED. Several promising therapeutic strategies are under development with the aim of dampening inflammation and restoring the homeostasis of the ocular surface microenvironment. Results from early phase clinical trials, testing the effects of EnaC blockers, TRPM8 agonist or mesenchymal stem cells in DED patients, are especially awaited to demonstrate their therapeutic value for the treatment of DED. Moreover, the most advanced experimental strategies in the pipeline for DED, tivanisiran, IL-1R antagonist EBI-005 and SkQ1, are being tested in Phase III clinical trials, still ongoing. Nevertheless, although promising results, further studies are still needed to confirm efficacy and safety of the new emerging therapies for DED.Keywords: dry eye disease, inflammation, tivanisiran, IL-1R antagonist, SkQ1https://www.dovepress.com/experimental-pharmacotherapy-for-dry-eye-disease-a-review-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JEPdry eye diseaseinflammationtivanisiranil-1r antagonistskq1 |
| spellingShingle | Baiula M Spampinato S Experimental Pharmacotherapy for Dry Eye Disease: A Review Journal of Experimental Pharmacology dry eye disease inflammation tivanisiran il-1r antagonist skq1 |
| title | Experimental Pharmacotherapy for Dry Eye Disease: A Review |
| title_full | Experimental Pharmacotherapy for Dry Eye Disease: A Review |
| title_fullStr | Experimental Pharmacotherapy for Dry Eye Disease: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Experimental Pharmacotherapy for Dry Eye Disease: A Review |
| title_short | Experimental Pharmacotherapy for Dry Eye Disease: A Review |
| title_sort | experimental pharmacotherapy for dry eye disease a review |
| topic | dry eye disease inflammation tivanisiran il-1r antagonist skq1 |
| url | https://www.dovepress.com/experimental-pharmacotherapy-for-dry-eye-disease-a-review-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JEP |
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