Sex difference in incidence of major depressive disorder: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Abstract Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading mental disorder causing severe impairment. This study was aimed to evaluate sex difference in global MDD incidence by year, age, and socioeconomic status, according to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019). Methods Global...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Annals of General Psychiatry |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-023-00486-7 |
| _version_ | 1797388126900977664 |
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| author | Sangzi Li Xuan Zhang Yilu Cai Leilei Zheng Hu Pang Lixia Lou |
| author_facet | Sangzi Li Xuan Zhang Yilu Cai Leilei Zheng Hu Pang Lixia Lou |
| author_sort | Sangzi Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading mental disorder causing severe impairment. This study was aimed to evaluate sex difference in global MDD incidence by year, age, and socioeconomic status, according to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019). Methods Global and national sex-specific incidence estimates of MDD, from 1990 to 2019, in different age groups, were extracted from the GBD 2019. Socioeconomic development index (SDI) as an indicator of national socioeconomic development was used. Absolute (female minus male) and relative (female to male ratio) sex difference in age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs), as well as risk ratios (RR and 95% confidence interval), were computed by year and age. Linear regression analyses were conducted to investigate socioeconomic-associated sex difference in incidence. Results Absolute and relative sex difference in ASRs showed a slight declining trend during 1990 and 2019, with absolute difference decreasing from 1818.23 to 1602.58, and relative difference decreasing from 1.71 to 1.61. Worldwide, females had a higher risk of MDD than males in 1990 (RR: 1.706 (1.705–1.706)) and 2019 (RR: 1.602 (1.619–1.620)). The highest RRs were observed in the Region of the Americas. Sex difference in incidence rates increased rapidly with age for those under 20 years old. The highest RR (1.913 (1.910–1.915)) was observed in the age group of 10–14. Relative sex difference had a significant positive relationship with SDI (standardized β = 0.267, P < 0.001). Conclusions Despite that slight improvement in sex difference in global MDD incidence has been achieved, sex difference still persists in the past decades, with females always having a higher incidence than males. Greater sex difference was found at younger ages and in more developed countries. The findings highlight the importance of making sex-specific health policy to reduce sex difference in MDD incidence. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T22:36:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-51931643212042259bf058a9f0639afa |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1744-859X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T22:36:21Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Annals of General Psychiatry |
| spelling | doaj.art-51931643212042259bf058a9f0639afa2023-12-17T12:26:04ZengBMCAnnals of General Psychiatry1744-859X2023-12-012211910.1186/s12991-023-00486-7Sex difference in incidence of major depressive disorder: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019Sangzi Li0Xuan Zhang1Yilu Cai2Leilei Zheng3Hu Pang4Lixia Lou5School of Design and Fashion, Zhejiang University of Science and TechnologyEye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityEye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityDepartment of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversitySchool of Marxism, Zhejiang UniversityEye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityAbstract Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading mental disorder causing severe impairment. This study was aimed to evaluate sex difference in global MDD incidence by year, age, and socioeconomic status, according to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019). Methods Global and national sex-specific incidence estimates of MDD, from 1990 to 2019, in different age groups, were extracted from the GBD 2019. Socioeconomic development index (SDI) as an indicator of national socioeconomic development was used. Absolute (female minus male) and relative (female to male ratio) sex difference in age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs), as well as risk ratios (RR and 95% confidence interval), were computed by year and age. Linear regression analyses were conducted to investigate socioeconomic-associated sex difference in incidence. Results Absolute and relative sex difference in ASRs showed a slight declining trend during 1990 and 2019, with absolute difference decreasing from 1818.23 to 1602.58, and relative difference decreasing from 1.71 to 1.61. Worldwide, females had a higher risk of MDD than males in 1990 (RR: 1.706 (1.705–1.706)) and 2019 (RR: 1.602 (1.619–1.620)). The highest RRs were observed in the Region of the Americas. Sex difference in incidence rates increased rapidly with age for those under 20 years old. The highest RR (1.913 (1.910–1.915)) was observed in the age group of 10–14. Relative sex difference had a significant positive relationship with SDI (standardized β = 0.267, P < 0.001). Conclusions Despite that slight improvement in sex difference in global MDD incidence has been achieved, sex difference still persists in the past decades, with females always having a higher incidence than males. Greater sex difference was found at younger ages and in more developed countries. The findings highlight the importance of making sex-specific health policy to reduce sex difference in MDD incidence.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-023-00486-7Major depressive disorderSex differenceIncidenceTrendAgeSocioeconomic development |
| spellingShingle | Sangzi Li Xuan Zhang Yilu Cai Leilei Zheng Hu Pang Lixia Lou Sex difference in incidence of major depressive disorder: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 Annals of General Psychiatry Major depressive disorder Sex difference Incidence Trend Age Socioeconomic development |
| title | Sex difference in incidence of major depressive disorder: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 |
| title_full | Sex difference in incidence of major depressive disorder: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 |
| title_fullStr | Sex difference in incidence of major depressive disorder: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sex difference in incidence of major depressive disorder: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 |
| title_short | Sex difference in incidence of major depressive disorder: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 |
| title_sort | sex difference in incidence of major depressive disorder an analysis from the global burden of disease study 2019 |
| topic | Major depressive disorder Sex difference Incidence Trend Age Socioeconomic development |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-023-00486-7 |
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