Effects of Exercise and Physical Activity Levels on Vaccination Efficacy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Objective: We examined whether different intensities of exercise and/or physical activity (PA) levels affected and/or associated with vaccination efficacy. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted and registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021230108). The PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/5/769 |
| _version_ | 1797494786666528768 |
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| author | Petros C. Dinas Yiannis Koutedakis Leonidas G. Ioannou George Metsios George D. Kitas |
| author_facet | Petros C. Dinas Yiannis Koutedakis Leonidas G. Ioannou George Metsios George D. Kitas |
| author_sort | Petros C. Dinas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objective: We examined whether different intensities of exercise and/or physical activity (PA) levels affected and/or associated with vaccination efficacy. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted and registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021230108). The PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library (trials), SportDiscus, and CINAHL databases were searched up to January 2022. Results: In total, 38 eligible studies were included. Chronic exercise increased influenza antibodies (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.49, confidence interval (CI) = 0.25–0.73, Z = 3.95, I<sup>2</sup> = 90%, <i>p</i> < 0.01), which was mainly driven by aerobic exercise (SMD = 0.39, CI = 0.19–0.58, Z = 3.96, I<sup>2</sup> = 77%, <i>p</i> < 0.01) as opposed to combined (aerobic + resistance; <i>p</i> = 0.07) or other exercise types (i.e., taiji and qigong, unspecified; <i>p</i> > 0.05). PA levels positively affected antibodies in response to influenza vaccination (SMD = 0.18, CI = 0.02–0.34, Z = 2.21, I<sup>2</sup> = 76%, <i>p</i> = 0.03), which was mainly driven by high PA levels compared to moderate PA levels (Chi<sup>2</sup> = 10.35, I<sup>2</sup> = 90.3%, <i>p</i> < 0.01). Physically active individuals developed influenza antibodies in response to vaccination in >4 weeks (SMD = 0.64, CI = 0.30–0.98, Z = 3.72, I<sup>2</sup> = 83%, <i>p</i> < 0.01) as opposed to <4 weeks (<i>p</i> > 0.05; Chi2 = 13.40, I<sup>2</sup> = 92.5%, <i>p</i> < 0.01) post vaccination. Conclusion: Chronic aerobic exercise or high PA levels increased influenza antibodies in humans more than vaccinated individuals with no participation in exercise/PA. The evidence regarding the effects of exercise/PA levels on antibodies in response to vaccines other than influenza is extremely limited. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:39:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-51a60b25eae54214909cee23c8f28b1d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:39:18Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-51a60b25eae54214909cee23c8f28b1d2023-11-23T13:26:57ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2022-05-0110576910.3390/vaccines10050769Effects of Exercise and Physical Activity Levels on Vaccination Efficacy: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisPetros C. Dinas0Yiannis Koutedakis1Leonidas G. Ioannou2George Metsios3George D. Kitas4FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, GreeceDepartment of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, GreeceFAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, GreeceFaculty of Education Health & Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall WS1 3BD, UKDudley Group NHS Foundation Trust and School of Sports and Exercise Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UKObjective: We examined whether different intensities of exercise and/or physical activity (PA) levels affected and/or associated with vaccination efficacy. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted and registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021230108). The PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library (trials), SportDiscus, and CINAHL databases were searched up to January 2022. Results: In total, 38 eligible studies were included. Chronic exercise increased influenza antibodies (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.49, confidence interval (CI) = 0.25–0.73, Z = 3.95, I<sup>2</sup> = 90%, <i>p</i> < 0.01), which was mainly driven by aerobic exercise (SMD = 0.39, CI = 0.19–0.58, Z = 3.96, I<sup>2</sup> = 77%, <i>p</i> < 0.01) as opposed to combined (aerobic + resistance; <i>p</i> = 0.07) or other exercise types (i.e., taiji and qigong, unspecified; <i>p</i> > 0.05). PA levels positively affected antibodies in response to influenza vaccination (SMD = 0.18, CI = 0.02–0.34, Z = 2.21, I<sup>2</sup> = 76%, <i>p</i> = 0.03), which was mainly driven by high PA levels compared to moderate PA levels (Chi<sup>2</sup> = 10.35, I<sup>2</sup> = 90.3%, <i>p</i> < 0.01). Physically active individuals developed influenza antibodies in response to vaccination in >4 weeks (SMD = 0.64, CI = 0.30–0.98, Z = 3.72, I<sup>2</sup> = 83%, <i>p</i> < 0.01) as opposed to <4 weeks (<i>p</i> > 0.05; Chi2 = 13.40, I<sup>2</sup> = 92.5%, <i>p</i> < 0.01) post vaccination. Conclusion: Chronic aerobic exercise or high PA levels increased influenza antibodies in humans more than vaccinated individuals with no participation in exercise/PA. The evidence regarding the effects of exercise/PA levels on antibodies in response to vaccines other than influenza is extremely limited.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/5/769vaccines and exerciseinfluenzavaccines antibodies |
| spellingShingle | Petros C. Dinas Yiannis Koutedakis Leonidas G. Ioannou George Metsios George D. Kitas Effects of Exercise and Physical Activity Levels on Vaccination Efficacy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Vaccines vaccines and exercise influenza vaccines antibodies |
| title | Effects of Exercise and Physical Activity Levels on Vaccination Efficacy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_full | Effects of Exercise and Physical Activity Levels on Vaccination Efficacy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Exercise and Physical Activity Levels on Vaccination Efficacy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Exercise and Physical Activity Levels on Vaccination Efficacy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_short | Effects of Exercise and Physical Activity Levels on Vaccination Efficacy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_sort | effects of exercise and physical activity levels on vaccination efficacy a systematic review and meta analysis |
| topic | vaccines and exercise influenza vaccines antibodies |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/5/769 |
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