Study on Flavonoids and Bioactivity Features of Pericarp of <i>Citrus reticulata</i> “Chachi” at Different Harvest Periods
Dry mature pericarp of <i>Citrus reticulata</i> “Chachi” (PCR), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Chachiensis, is a traditional Chinese medicine that displays characteristics of different usage at different harvest times in clinical use. The corresponding changes in the bioactive components...
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/23/3390 |
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| author | Shejian Liang Jiongbin Zhang Yufang Liu Zhijia Wen Xinxin Liu Fengliang Dang Tianxiao Xie Jingxin Wang Zhanqian Wang Hong Wu |
| author_facet | Shejian Liang Jiongbin Zhang Yufang Liu Zhijia Wen Xinxin Liu Fengliang Dang Tianxiao Xie Jingxin Wang Zhanqian Wang Hong Wu |
| author_sort | Shejian Liang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Dry mature pericarp of <i>Citrus reticulata</i> “Chachi” (PCR), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Chachiensis, is a traditional Chinese medicine that displays characteristics of different usage at different harvest times in clinical use. The corresponding changes in the bioactive components in PCR from different harvest times remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, broadly targeted metabolomics technology was used to compare the differences in bioactive components among pericarps of PCR, which are the raw material of PCR at different growth stages. In the results, 210 kinds of flavonoid metabolites were detected. The content of hesperidin in red PCR harvested in December was higher than that in Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Viride (CRPV) and reddish PCR harvested from July to November. Furthermore, the content of nobiletin, tangeretin, and 3,3′,4′,5,6,7,8-heptamethoxyflavone in CRPV from July to September was higher than that in the PCR harvested at other times. In addition, the result of cluster analysis and PCA showed that CRPV harvested from July to September had an obvious grouping pattern with the reddish PCR and the red PCR harvested from October to December. Differential metabolites in six comparison groups (A1 vs. A6, A1 vs. A2, A2 vs. A3, A3 vs. A4, A4 vs. A5, A5 vs. A6) were 67, 48, 14, 51, 42, and 40, respectively. The common differential metabolite of four comparison groups was 3′,4′,7-trihydroxyflavone (A1 vs. A2, A2 vs. A3, A3 vs. A4, A4 vs. A5). All the flavonoid differential metabolites screened were enriched in 16 metabolic pathways. Moreover, the results of the evaluation of the total antioxidant capacity indicated that CRPV in August was a suitable raw material for the production of antioxidants. Through molecular docking, the content of potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 components in the PCR in October was higher than that in the PCR in other periods. These results further proved that PCR at different harvest times was endowed with different efficacy and usage due to the difference in the accumulation of bioactive components. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:34:45Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:34:45Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-51aaf25ece3c4f39ab2fb402ec8deed82023-11-24T11:57:09ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472022-12-011123339010.3390/plants11233390Study on Flavonoids and Bioactivity Features of Pericarp of <i>Citrus reticulata</i> “Chachi” at Different Harvest PeriodsShejian Liang0Jiongbin Zhang1Yufang Liu2Zhijia Wen3Xinxin Liu4Fengliang Dang5Tianxiao Xie6Jingxin Wang7Zhanqian Wang8Hong Wu9Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaGuangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaGuangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaGuangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaGuangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaGuangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaGuangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaGuangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaGuangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaGuangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaDry mature pericarp of <i>Citrus reticulata</i> “Chachi” (PCR), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Chachiensis, is a traditional Chinese medicine that displays characteristics of different usage at different harvest times in clinical use. The corresponding changes in the bioactive components in PCR from different harvest times remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, broadly targeted metabolomics technology was used to compare the differences in bioactive components among pericarps of PCR, which are the raw material of PCR at different growth stages. In the results, 210 kinds of flavonoid metabolites were detected. The content of hesperidin in red PCR harvested in December was higher than that in Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Viride (CRPV) and reddish PCR harvested from July to November. Furthermore, the content of nobiletin, tangeretin, and 3,3′,4′,5,6,7,8-heptamethoxyflavone in CRPV from July to September was higher than that in the PCR harvested at other times. In addition, the result of cluster analysis and PCA showed that CRPV harvested from July to September had an obvious grouping pattern with the reddish PCR and the red PCR harvested from October to December. Differential metabolites in six comparison groups (A1 vs. A6, A1 vs. A2, A2 vs. A3, A3 vs. A4, A4 vs. A5, A5 vs. A6) were 67, 48, 14, 51, 42, and 40, respectively. The common differential metabolite of four comparison groups was 3′,4′,7-trihydroxyflavone (A1 vs. A2, A2 vs. A3, A3 vs. A4, A4 vs. A5). All the flavonoid differential metabolites screened were enriched in 16 metabolic pathways. Moreover, the results of the evaluation of the total antioxidant capacity indicated that CRPV in August was a suitable raw material for the production of antioxidants. Through molecular docking, the content of potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 components in the PCR in October was higher than that in the PCR in other periods. These results further proved that PCR at different harvest times was endowed with different efficacy and usage due to the difference in the accumulation of bioactive components.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/23/3390Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae ChachiensisflavonoidmetabolomicsantioxidationSARS-CoV-2 |
| spellingShingle | Shejian Liang Jiongbin Zhang Yufang Liu Zhijia Wen Xinxin Liu Fengliang Dang Tianxiao Xie Jingxin Wang Zhanqian Wang Hong Wu Study on Flavonoids and Bioactivity Features of Pericarp of <i>Citrus reticulata</i> “Chachi” at Different Harvest Periods Plants Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Chachiensis flavonoid metabolomics antioxidation SARS-CoV-2 |
| title | Study on Flavonoids and Bioactivity Features of Pericarp of <i>Citrus reticulata</i> “Chachi” at Different Harvest Periods |
| title_full | Study on Flavonoids and Bioactivity Features of Pericarp of <i>Citrus reticulata</i> “Chachi” at Different Harvest Periods |
| title_fullStr | Study on Flavonoids and Bioactivity Features of Pericarp of <i>Citrus reticulata</i> “Chachi” at Different Harvest Periods |
| title_full_unstemmed | Study on Flavonoids and Bioactivity Features of Pericarp of <i>Citrus reticulata</i> “Chachi” at Different Harvest Periods |
| title_short | Study on Flavonoids and Bioactivity Features of Pericarp of <i>Citrus reticulata</i> “Chachi” at Different Harvest Periods |
| title_sort | study on flavonoids and bioactivity features of pericarp of i citrus reticulata i chachi at different harvest periods |
| topic | Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Chachiensis flavonoid metabolomics antioxidation SARS-CoV-2 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/23/3390 |
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