Risk Factors and Diagnosis of Advanced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common cancer affecting humans. The combination of the increasing incidence and high mortality in advanced stages of the disease, defines cSCC as an emerging public health problem. Advanced disease includes metastatic and locally advanced c...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Mattioli1885
2021-09-01
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| Series: | Dermatology Practical & Conceptual |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://dpcj.org/index.php/dpc/article/view/1944 |
| _version_ | 1828939277699907584 |
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| author | Gabriella Brancaccio Maria Concetta Fargnoli Giulia Briatico Cristina Pellegrini Tea Rocco Elvira Moscarella |
| author_facet | Gabriella Brancaccio Maria Concetta Fargnoli Giulia Briatico Cristina Pellegrini Tea Rocco Elvira Moscarella |
| author_sort | Gabriella Brancaccio |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common cancer affecting humans. The combination of the increasing incidence and high mortality in advanced stages of the disease, defines cSCC as an emerging public health problem. Advanced disease includes metastatic and locally advanced cSCC. Metastatic disease refers to the presence of locoregional metastasis (in transit or to regional lymph nodes) or distant metastasis. Locally advanced disease has been defined as non-metastatic cSCC that is unlikely to be cured with surgery, radiotherapy, or combination treatment. While metastatic cSCC is easily diagnosed, locally advanced disease lacks consensus definition and diagnosis is made after multidisciplinary board consultation. Identifying patients with aggressive cSCC at highest risk for relapse may prevent the occurrence of advanced disease. Prognostic factors suggested by most guidelines include tumor diameter (>2 cm), localization on temple/ear/lip/area, thickness (>6 mm), or invasion beyond subcutaneous fat, poor grade of differentiation, desmoplasia, perineural invasion, bone erosion, immunosuppression, undefined borders, recurrence, growth rate, site of prior radiotherapy, and lymphatic or vascular involvement. Although risk factors associated with worse outcomes are well known, there is still a gap of knowledge on the precise risk of each factor taken individually. The aim of this review is to summarize cSCC prognostic factors and encompass the various staging systems to guide management and follow-up in cSCC patients at higher risk for local recurrence and metastasis. Finally, we describe the hallmarks of the advanced disease. Advanced cSCC diagnosis should be made by a multidisciplinary board considering patients’ performance status and disease characteristics |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T02:58:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-51ff7d12c8844339943ddee011926ee0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2160-9381 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T02:58:08Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
| publisher | Mattioli1885 |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Dermatology Practical & Conceptual |
| spelling | doaj.art-51ff7d12c8844339943ddee011926ee02022-12-21T23:19:34ZengMattioli1885Dermatology Practical & Conceptual2160-93812021-09-0111S210.5826/dpc.11S2a166SRisk Factors and Diagnosis of Advanced Cutaneous Squamous Cell CarcinomaGabriella Brancaccio0Maria Concetta Fargnoli1Giulia Briatico2Cristina Pellegrini3Tea Rocco4Elvira Moscarella5Dermatology Unit, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, ItalyDermatology, Department of Biotechnological and Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, ItalyDermatology Unit, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, ItalyDermatology, Department of Biotechnological and Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, ItalyDermatology, Department of Biotechnological and Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy.Dermatology Unit, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, ItalyCutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common cancer affecting humans. The combination of the increasing incidence and high mortality in advanced stages of the disease, defines cSCC as an emerging public health problem. Advanced disease includes metastatic and locally advanced cSCC. Metastatic disease refers to the presence of locoregional metastasis (in transit or to regional lymph nodes) or distant metastasis. Locally advanced disease has been defined as non-metastatic cSCC that is unlikely to be cured with surgery, radiotherapy, or combination treatment. While metastatic cSCC is easily diagnosed, locally advanced disease lacks consensus definition and diagnosis is made after multidisciplinary board consultation. Identifying patients with aggressive cSCC at highest risk for relapse may prevent the occurrence of advanced disease. Prognostic factors suggested by most guidelines include tumor diameter (>2 cm), localization on temple/ear/lip/area, thickness (>6 mm), or invasion beyond subcutaneous fat, poor grade of differentiation, desmoplasia, perineural invasion, bone erosion, immunosuppression, undefined borders, recurrence, growth rate, site of prior radiotherapy, and lymphatic or vascular involvement. Although risk factors associated with worse outcomes are well known, there is still a gap of knowledge on the precise risk of each factor taken individually. The aim of this review is to summarize cSCC prognostic factors and encompass the various staging systems to guide management and follow-up in cSCC patients at higher risk for local recurrence and metastasis. Finally, we describe the hallmarks of the advanced disease. Advanced cSCC diagnosis should be made by a multidisciplinary board considering patients’ performance status and disease characteristicshttp://dpcj.org/index.php/dpc/article/view/1944advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinomarisk factorsprognostic factorsrecurrencemetastasis |
| spellingShingle | Gabriella Brancaccio Maria Concetta Fargnoli Giulia Briatico Cristina Pellegrini Tea Rocco Elvira Moscarella Risk Factors and Diagnosis of Advanced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Dermatology Practical & Conceptual advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma risk factors prognostic factors recurrence metastasis |
| title | Risk Factors and Diagnosis of Advanced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma |
| title_full | Risk Factors and Diagnosis of Advanced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma |
| title_fullStr | Risk Factors and Diagnosis of Advanced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma |
| title_full_unstemmed | Risk Factors and Diagnosis of Advanced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma |
| title_short | Risk Factors and Diagnosis of Advanced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma |
| title_sort | risk factors and diagnosis of advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma |
| topic | advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma risk factors prognostic factors recurrence metastasis |
| url | http://dpcj.org/index.php/dpc/article/view/1944 |
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