Effects of Differences in Structure from Motion Software on Image Processing of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photography and Estimation of Crown Area and Tree Height in Forests
This study examines the effects of differences in structure from motion (SfM) software on image processing of aerial images by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and the resulting estimations of tree height and tree crown area. There were 20 flight conditions for the UAV aerial images, which were a comb...
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-02-01
|
| Series: | Remote Sensing |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/626 |
| _version_ | 1797412157114023936 |
|---|---|
| author | Shohei Kameyama Katsuaki Sugiura |
| author_facet | Shohei Kameyama Katsuaki Sugiura |
| author_sort | Shohei Kameyama |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study examines the effects of differences in structure from motion (SfM) software on image processing of aerial images by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and the resulting estimations of tree height and tree crown area. There were 20 flight conditions for the UAV aerial images, which were a combination of five conditions for flight altitude, two conditions for overlap, and two conditions for side overlap. Images were then processed using three SfM programs (Terra Mapper, PhotoScan, and Pix4Dmapper). The tree height and tree crown area were determined, and the SfM programs were compared based on the estimations. The number of densified point clouds for PhotoScan (160 × 10<sup>5</sup> to 50 × 10<sup>5</sup>) was large compared to the two other two SfM programs. The estimated values of crown area and tree height by each SfM were compared via Bonferroni multiple comparisons (statistical significance level set at <i>p</i> < 0.05). The estimated values of canopy area showed statistically significant differences (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in 14 flight conditions for Terra Mapper and PhotoScan, 16 flight conditions for Terra Mapper and Pix4Dmapper, and 11 flight conditions for PhotoScan and Pix4Dmappers. In addition, the estimated values of tree height showed statistically significant differences (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in 15 flight conditions for Terra Mapper and PhotoScan, 19 flight conditions for Terra Mapper and Pix4Dmapper, and 20 flight conditions for PhotoScan and Pix4Dmapper. The statistically significant difference (<i>p</i> < 0.05) between the estimated value and measured value of each SfM was confirmed under 18 conditions for Terra Mapper, 20 conditions for PhotoScan, and 13 conditions for Pix4D. Moreover, the RMSE and rRMSE values of the estimated tree height were 5–6 m and 20–28%, respectively. Although the estimation accuracy of any SfM was low, the estimated tree height by Pix4D in many flight conditions had smaller RMSE values than the other software. As statistically significant differences were found between the SfMs in many flight conditions, we conclude that there were differences in the estimates of crown area and tree height depending on the SfM used. In addition, Pix4Dmapper is suitable for estimating forest information, such as tree height, and PhotoScan is suitable for detailed monitoring of disaster areas. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:58:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5203bf5bfef547d6a44623cc12a3c8c5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:58:03Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-5203bf5bfef547d6a44623cc12a3c8c52023-12-03T13:03:32ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922021-02-0113462610.3390/rs13040626Effects of Differences in Structure from Motion Software on Image Processing of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photography and Estimation of Crown Area and Tree Height in ForestsShohei Kameyama0Katsuaki Sugiura1Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, JapanCollege of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, JapanThis study examines the effects of differences in structure from motion (SfM) software on image processing of aerial images by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and the resulting estimations of tree height and tree crown area. There were 20 flight conditions for the UAV aerial images, which were a combination of five conditions for flight altitude, two conditions for overlap, and two conditions for side overlap. Images were then processed using three SfM programs (Terra Mapper, PhotoScan, and Pix4Dmapper). The tree height and tree crown area were determined, and the SfM programs were compared based on the estimations. The number of densified point clouds for PhotoScan (160 × 10<sup>5</sup> to 50 × 10<sup>5</sup>) was large compared to the two other two SfM programs. The estimated values of crown area and tree height by each SfM were compared via Bonferroni multiple comparisons (statistical significance level set at <i>p</i> < 0.05). The estimated values of canopy area showed statistically significant differences (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in 14 flight conditions for Terra Mapper and PhotoScan, 16 flight conditions for Terra Mapper and Pix4Dmapper, and 11 flight conditions for PhotoScan and Pix4Dmappers. In addition, the estimated values of tree height showed statistically significant differences (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in 15 flight conditions for Terra Mapper and PhotoScan, 19 flight conditions for Terra Mapper and Pix4Dmapper, and 20 flight conditions for PhotoScan and Pix4Dmapper. The statistically significant difference (<i>p</i> < 0.05) between the estimated value and measured value of each SfM was confirmed under 18 conditions for Terra Mapper, 20 conditions for PhotoScan, and 13 conditions for Pix4D. Moreover, the RMSE and rRMSE values of the estimated tree height were 5–6 m and 20–28%, respectively. Although the estimation accuracy of any SfM was low, the estimated tree height by Pix4D in many flight conditions had smaller RMSE values than the other software. As statistically significant differences were found between the SfMs in many flight conditions, we conclude that there were differences in the estimates of crown area and tree height depending on the SfM used. In addition, Pix4Dmapper is suitable for estimating forest information, such as tree height, and PhotoScan is suitable for detailed monitoring of disaster areas.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/626unmanned aerial vehiclestructure from motiontree heightcrown areaflight conditions |
| spellingShingle | Shohei Kameyama Katsuaki Sugiura Effects of Differences in Structure from Motion Software on Image Processing of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photography and Estimation of Crown Area and Tree Height in Forests Remote Sensing unmanned aerial vehicle structure from motion tree height crown area flight conditions |
| title | Effects of Differences in Structure from Motion Software on Image Processing of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photography and Estimation of Crown Area and Tree Height in Forests |
| title_full | Effects of Differences in Structure from Motion Software on Image Processing of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photography and Estimation of Crown Area and Tree Height in Forests |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Differences in Structure from Motion Software on Image Processing of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photography and Estimation of Crown Area and Tree Height in Forests |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Differences in Structure from Motion Software on Image Processing of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photography and Estimation of Crown Area and Tree Height in Forests |
| title_short | Effects of Differences in Structure from Motion Software on Image Processing of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photography and Estimation of Crown Area and Tree Height in Forests |
| title_sort | effects of differences in structure from motion software on image processing of unmanned aerial vehicle photography and estimation of crown area and tree height in forests |
| topic | unmanned aerial vehicle structure from motion tree height crown area flight conditions |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/626 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT shoheikameyama effectsofdifferencesinstructurefrommotionsoftwareonimageprocessingofunmannedaerialvehiclephotographyandestimationofcrownareaandtreeheightinforests AT katsuakisugiura effectsofdifferencesinstructurefrommotionsoftwareonimageprocessingofunmannedaerialvehiclephotographyandestimationofcrownareaandtreeheightinforests |