Comprehensive Comparison of Hetero-Homogeneous Catalysts for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production from Non-Edible <i>Jatropha curcas</i> Oil
The synthesis of biodiesel from <i>Jatropha curcas</i> by transesterification is kinetically controlled. It depends on the molar ratio, reaction time, and temperature, as well as the catalyst nature and quantity. The aim of this study was to explore the transesterification of low-cost, i...
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| author | Khawer Khan Noaman Ul-Haq Wajeeh Ur Rahman Muzaffar Ali Umer Rashid Anwar Ul-Haq Farrukh Jamil Ashfaq Ahmed Faisal Ahmed Bryan R. Moser Ali Alsalme |
| author_facet | Khawer Khan Noaman Ul-Haq Wajeeh Ur Rahman Muzaffar Ali Umer Rashid Anwar Ul-Haq Farrukh Jamil Ashfaq Ahmed Faisal Ahmed Bryan R. Moser Ali Alsalme |
| author_sort | Khawer Khan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The synthesis of biodiesel from <i>Jatropha curcas</i> by transesterification is kinetically controlled. It depends on the molar ratio, reaction time, and temperature, as well as the catalyst nature and quantity. The aim of this study was to explore the transesterification of low-cost, inedible <i>J. curcas</i> seed oil utilizing both homogenous (potassium hydroxide; KOH) and heterogenous (calcium oxide; CaO) catalysis. In this effort, two steps were used. First, free fatty acids in <i>J. curcas</i> oil were reduced from 12.4 to less than 1 wt.% with sulfuric acid-catalyzed pretreatment. Transesterification subsequently converted the oil to biodiesel. The yield of fatty acid methyl esters was optimized by varying the reaction time, catalyst load, and methanol-to-oil molar ratio. A maximum yield of 96% was obtained from CaO nanoparticles at a reaction time of 5.5 h with 4 wt.% of the catalyst and an 18:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio. The optimum conditions for KOH were a molar ratio of methanol to oil of 9:1, 5 wt.% of the catalyst, and a reaction time of 3.5 h, and this returned a yield of 92%. The fuel properties of the optimized biodiesel were within the limits specified in ASTM D6751, the American biodiesel standard. In addition, the 5% blends in petroleum diesel were within the ranges prescribed in ASTM D975, the American diesel fuel standard. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:30:43Z |
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| issn | 2073-4344 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:30:43Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Catalysts |
| spelling | doaj.art-52465dd29b9a46f6b30f1014231297582023-11-23T04:08:39ZengMDPI AGCatalysts2073-43442021-11-011112142010.3390/catal11121420Comprehensive Comparison of Hetero-Homogeneous Catalysts for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production from Non-Edible <i>Jatropha curcas</i> OilKhawer Khan0Noaman Ul-Haq1Wajeeh Ur Rahman2Muzaffar Ali3Umer Rashid4Anwar Ul-Haq5Farrukh Jamil6Ashfaq Ahmed7Faisal Ahmed8Bryan R. Moser9Ali Alsalme10Department of Basic Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, PakistanDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Lahore Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore 54000, PakistanDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Lahore Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore 54000, PakistanDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Lahore Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore 54000, PakistanInstitute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ION2), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Basic Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, PakistanDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Lahore Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore 54000, PakistanDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Lahore Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore 54000, PakistanDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Lahore Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore 54000, PakistanBio-Oils Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL 61604, USAChemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 1145, Saudi ArabiaThe synthesis of biodiesel from <i>Jatropha curcas</i> by transesterification is kinetically controlled. It depends on the molar ratio, reaction time, and temperature, as well as the catalyst nature and quantity. The aim of this study was to explore the transesterification of low-cost, inedible <i>J. curcas</i> seed oil utilizing both homogenous (potassium hydroxide; KOH) and heterogenous (calcium oxide; CaO) catalysis. In this effort, two steps were used. First, free fatty acids in <i>J. curcas</i> oil were reduced from 12.4 to less than 1 wt.% with sulfuric acid-catalyzed pretreatment. Transesterification subsequently converted the oil to biodiesel. The yield of fatty acid methyl esters was optimized by varying the reaction time, catalyst load, and methanol-to-oil molar ratio. A maximum yield of 96% was obtained from CaO nanoparticles at a reaction time of 5.5 h with 4 wt.% of the catalyst and an 18:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio. The optimum conditions for KOH were a molar ratio of methanol to oil of 9:1, 5 wt.% of the catalyst, and a reaction time of 3.5 h, and this returned a yield of 92%. The fuel properties of the optimized biodiesel were within the limits specified in ASTM D6751, the American biodiesel standard. In addition, the 5% blends in petroleum diesel were within the ranges prescribed in ASTM D975, the American diesel fuel standard.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/11/12/1420biodieselcalcium oxidefatty acid methyl esters<i>Jatropha curcas</i>transesterification |
| spellingShingle | Khawer Khan Noaman Ul-Haq Wajeeh Ur Rahman Muzaffar Ali Umer Rashid Anwar Ul-Haq Farrukh Jamil Ashfaq Ahmed Faisal Ahmed Bryan R. Moser Ali Alsalme Comprehensive Comparison of Hetero-Homogeneous Catalysts for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production from Non-Edible <i>Jatropha curcas</i> Oil Catalysts biodiesel calcium oxide fatty acid methyl esters <i>Jatropha curcas</i> transesterification |
| title | Comprehensive Comparison of Hetero-Homogeneous Catalysts for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production from Non-Edible <i>Jatropha curcas</i> Oil |
| title_full | Comprehensive Comparison of Hetero-Homogeneous Catalysts for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production from Non-Edible <i>Jatropha curcas</i> Oil |
| title_fullStr | Comprehensive Comparison of Hetero-Homogeneous Catalysts for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production from Non-Edible <i>Jatropha curcas</i> Oil |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comprehensive Comparison of Hetero-Homogeneous Catalysts for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production from Non-Edible <i>Jatropha curcas</i> Oil |
| title_short | Comprehensive Comparison of Hetero-Homogeneous Catalysts for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production from Non-Edible <i>Jatropha curcas</i> Oil |
| title_sort | comprehensive comparison of hetero homogeneous catalysts for fatty acid methyl ester production from non edible i jatropha curcas i oil |
| topic | biodiesel calcium oxide fatty acid methyl esters <i>Jatropha curcas</i> transesterification |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/11/12/1420 |
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