Breastfeeding in the First Days of Life Is Associated With Lower Blood Pressure at 3 Years of Age
Background Breastfeeding in infancy is associated with lower cardiovascular disease risk in adulthood; however, the amount of breastfeeding required to achieve this benefit is unknown. Methods and Results In the CHILD (Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development) Cohort Study, we analyzed 2382...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Journal of the American Heart Association: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.120.019067 |
| _version_ | 1811245160340652032 |
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| author | Kozeta Miliku Theo J. Moraes Allan B. Becker Piushkumar J. Mandhane Malcolm R. Sears Stuart E. Turvey Padmaja Subbarao Meghan B. Azad |
| author_facet | Kozeta Miliku Theo J. Moraes Allan B. Becker Piushkumar J. Mandhane Malcolm R. Sears Stuart E. Turvey Padmaja Subbarao Meghan B. Azad |
| author_sort | Kozeta Miliku |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background Breastfeeding in infancy is associated with lower cardiovascular disease risk in adulthood; however, the amount of breastfeeding required to achieve this benefit is unknown. Methods and Results In the CHILD (Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development) Cohort Study, we analyzed 2382 children with complete data on early life feeding and blood pressure. Infant feeding was documented from hospital records in the first few days of life and reported by mothers throughout infancy. Blood pressure was measured at 3 years of age. Analyses controlled for birth weight, gestational age, socioeconomic status, maternal body mass index, and other potential confounders. We found that nearly all children (2333/2382; 97.9%) were ever breastfed, of whom 98 (4.2%) only briefly received breast milk during their birth hospitalization (“early limited breastfeeding”). At 3 years of age, blood pressure was higher in children who were never breastfed (mean systolic/diastolic 103/60 mm Hg) compared with those who were ever breastfed (99/58 mm Hg), including those who received only early limited breastfeeding (99/57 mm Hg). These differences in systolic blood pressure persisted in adjusted models (ever breastfed: −3.47 mm Hg, 95% CI, −6.14 to −0.80; early limited breastfeeding: −4.24 mm Hg, 95% CI, −7.45 to −1.04). Among breastfed children, there was no significant dose‐response association according to the duration or exclusivity of breastfeeding. Associations were not mediated by child body mass index. Conclusions Although the benefits of sustained and exclusive breastfeeding are indisputable, this study indicates any breastfeeding, regardless of duration or exclusivity, is associated with lower blood pressure at 3 years of age. Further research examining the bioactive components of early breast milk, underlying mechanisms, and long‐term associations is warranted. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T14:37:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-525d73042df24df7b3b0e46bc1d13775 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2047-9980 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T14:37:08Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of the American Heart Association: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease |
| spelling | doaj.art-525d73042df24df7b3b0e46bc1d137752022-12-22T03:29:04ZengWileyJournal of the American Heart Association: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease2047-99802021-08-01101510.1161/JAHA.120.019067Breastfeeding in the First Days of Life Is Associated With Lower Blood Pressure at 3 Years of AgeKozeta Miliku0Theo J. Moraes1Allan B. Becker2Piushkumar J. Mandhane3Malcolm R. Sears4Stuart E. Turvey5Padmaja Subbarao6Meghan B. Azad7Department of Medicine McMaster University Hamilton CanadaDepartments of Pediatrics Hospital for Sick Children University of Toronto Toronto CanadaDepartment of Pediatrics and Child Health University of Manitoba Winnipeg CanadaDepartment of Pediatrics University of Alberta Edmonton CanadaDepartment of Medicine McMaster University Hamilton CanadaDepartment of Pediatrics University of British Columbia Vancouver CanadaDepartments of Pediatrics Hospital for Sick Children University of Toronto Toronto CanadaDepartment of Pediatrics and Child Health University of Manitoba Winnipeg CanadaBackground Breastfeeding in infancy is associated with lower cardiovascular disease risk in adulthood; however, the amount of breastfeeding required to achieve this benefit is unknown. Methods and Results In the CHILD (Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development) Cohort Study, we analyzed 2382 children with complete data on early life feeding and blood pressure. Infant feeding was documented from hospital records in the first few days of life and reported by mothers throughout infancy. Blood pressure was measured at 3 years of age. Analyses controlled for birth weight, gestational age, socioeconomic status, maternal body mass index, and other potential confounders. We found that nearly all children (2333/2382; 97.9%) were ever breastfed, of whom 98 (4.2%) only briefly received breast milk during their birth hospitalization (“early limited breastfeeding”). At 3 years of age, blood pressure was higher in children who were never breastfed (mean systolic/diastolic 103/60 mm Hg) compared with those who were ever breastfed (99/58 mm Hg), including those who received only early limited breastfeeding (99/57 mm Hg). These differences in systolic blood pressure persisted in adjusted models (ever breastfed: −3.47 mm Hg, 95% CI, −6.14 to −0.80; early limited breastfeeding: −4.24 mm Hg, 95% CI, −7.45 to −1.04). Among breastfed children, there was no significant dose‐response association according to the duration or exclusivity of breastfeeding. Associations were not mediated by child body mass index. Conclusions Although the benefits of sustained and exclusive breastfeeding are indisputable, this study indicates any breastfeeding, regardless of duration or exclusivity, is associated with lower blood pressure at 3 years of age. Further research examining the bioactive components of early breast milk, underlying mechanisms, and long‐term associations is warranted.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.120.019067blood pressurebreastfeedingcolostrumepidemiologyhypertensionpediatrics |
| spellingShingle | Kozeta Miliku Theo J. Moraes Allan B. Becker Piushkumar J. Mandhane Malcolm R. Sears Stuart E. Turvey Padmaja Subbarao Meghan B. Azad Breastfeeding in the First Days of Life Is Associated With Lower Blood Pressure at 3 Years of Age Journal of the American Heart Association: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease blood pressure breastfeeding colostrum epidemiology hypertension pediatrics |
| title | Breastfeeding in the First Days of Life Is Associated With Lower Blood Pressure at 3 Years of Age |
| title_full | Breastfeeding in the First Days of Life Is Associated With Lower Blood Pressure at 3 Years of Age |
| title_fullStr | Breastfeeding in the First Days of Life Is Associated With Lower Blood Pressure at 3 Years of Age |
| title_full_unstemmed | Breastfeeding in the First Days of Life Is Associated With Lower Blood Pressure at 3 Years of Age |
| title_short | Breastfeeding in the First Days of Life Is Associated With Lower Blood Pressure at 3 Years of Age |
| title_sort | breastfeeding in the first days of life is associated with lower blood pressure at 3 years of age |
| topic | blood pressure breastfeeding colostrum epidemiology hypertension pediatrics |
| url | https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.120.019067 |
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