A Nano-Based Approach to Deliver <i>Satureja thymbra</i> Essential Oil to the Skin: Formulation and Characterization
Essential oils are well known for their biological properties, making them useful for the treatment of various diseases. However, because of their poor stability and high volatility, their potential cannot be fully exploited. The use of nanoformulations to deliver essential oils can solve these crit...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/5/1041 |
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| author | Simone Pani Carla Caddeo Cinzia Sanna Francesca Pintus Sonia Floris Ramon Pons Aurélien Dupont Carlo Ignazio Giovanni Tuberoso |
| author_facet | Simone Pani Carla Caddeo Cinzia Sanna Francesca Pintus Sonia Floris Ramon Pons Aurélien Dupont Carlo Ignazio Giovanni Tuberoso |
| author_sort | Simone Pani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Essential oils are well known for their biological properties, making them useful for the treatment of various diseases. However, because of their poor stability and high volatility, their potential cannot be fully exploited. The use of nanoformulations to deliver essential oils can solve these critical issues and amplify their biological activities. We characterized an essential oil from <i>Satureja thymbra</i> via GC–MS and HPLC–DAD to provide qualitative and quantitative data. The essential oil was formulated in phospholipid vesicles which were characterized for size, surface charge, and storage stability. The entrapment efficiency was evaluated as the quantification of the major monoterpenoid phenols via HPLC–DAD. The morphological characterization of the vesicles was carried out via cryo-TEM and SAXS analyses. The essential oil’s antioxidant potential was assayed via two colorimetric tests (DPPH<sup>•</sup> and FRAP) and its cytocompatibility was evaluated in HaCaT skin cell cultures. The results showed that the nanoformulations developed for the loading of <i>S. thymbra</i> essential oil were below 100 nm in size, predominantly unilamellar, stable in storage, and had high entrapment efficiencies. The vesicles also displayed antioxidant properties and high cytocompatibility. These promising findings pave the way for further investigation of the therapeutic potential of <i>S. thymbra</i> nanoformulations upon skin application. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-25T00:24:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-526bb23015e640259ead12f6d3509f05 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-25T00:24:16Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-526bb23015e640259ead12f6d3509f052024-03-12T16:50:51ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492024-02-01295104110.3390/molecules29051041A Nano-Based Approach to Deliver <i>Satureja thymbra</i> Essential Oil to the Skin: Formulation and CharacterizationSimone Pani0Carla Caddeo1Cinzia Sanna2Francesca Pintus3Sonia Floris4Ramon Pons5Aurélien Dupont6Carlo Ignazio Giovanni Tuberoso7Department of Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, University of Cagliari, S.P. Monserrato-Sestu Km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, ItalyDepartment of Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, University of Cagliari, S.P. Monserrato-Sestu Km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, ItalyDepartment of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, ItalyDepartment of Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, University of Cagliari, S.P. Monserrato-Sestu Km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, ItalyDepartment of Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, University of Cagliari, S.P. Monserrato-Sestu Km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, ItalyDepartment of Surfactants and Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona, 18–26, 08034 Barcelona, SpainBiosit—UMS 3480, US_S 018, University of Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, FranceDepartment of Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, University of Cagliari, S.P. Monserrato-Sestu Km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, ItalyEssential oils are well known for their biological properties, making them useful for the treatment of various diseases. However, because of their poor stability and high volatility, their potential cannot be fully exploited. The use of nanoformulations to deliver essential oils can solve these critical issues and amplify their biological activities. We characterized an essential oil from <i>Satureja thymbra</i> via GC–MS and HPLC–DAD to provide qualitative and quantitative data. The essential oil was formulated in phospholipid vesicles which were characterized for size, surface charge, and storage stability. The entrapment efficiency was evaluated as the quantification of the major monoterpenoid phenols via HPLC–DAD. The morphological characterization of the vesicles was carried out via cryo-TEM and SAXS analyses. The essential oil’s antioxidant potential was assayed via two colorimetric tests (DPPH<sup>•</sup> and FRAP) and its cytocompatibility was evaluated in HaCaT skin cell cultures. The results showed that the nanoformulations developed for the loading of <i>S. thymbra</i> essential oil were below 100 nm in size, predominantly unilamellar, stable in storage, and had high entrapment efficiencies. The vesicles also displayed antioxidant properties and high cytocompatibility. These promising findings pave the way for further investigation of the therapeutic potential of <i>S. thymbra</i> nanoformulations upon skin application.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/5/1041<i>Satureja thymbra</i>essential oilphytochemical profileantioxidantphospholipid vesiclesskin delivery |
| spellingShingle | Simone Pani Carla Caddeo Cinzia Sanna Francesca Pintus Sonia Floris Ramon Pons Aurélien Dupont Carlo Ignazio Giovanni Tuberoso A Nano-Based Approach to Deliver <i>Satureja thymbra</i> Essential Oil to the Skin: Formulation and Characterization Molecules <i>Satureja thymbra</i> essential oil phytochemical profile antioxidant phospholipid vesicles skin delivery |
| title | A Nano-Based Approach to Deliver <i>Satureja thymbra</i> Essential Oil to the Skin: Formulation and Characterization |
| title_full | A Nano-Based Approach to Deliver <i>Satureja thymbra</i> Essential Oil to the Skin: Formulation and Characterization |
| title_fullStr | A Nano-Based Approach to Deliver <i>Satureja thymbra</i> Essential Oil to the Skin: Formulation and Characterization |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Nano-Based Approach to Deliver <i>Satureja thymbra</i> Essential Oil to the Skin: Formulation and Characterization |
| title_short | A Nano-Based Approach to Deliver <i>Satureja thymbra</i> Essential Oil to the Skin: Formulation and Characterization |
| title_sort | nano based approach to deliver i satureja thymbra i essential oil to the skin formulation and characterization |
| topic | <i>Satureja thymbra</i> essential oil phytochemical profile antioxidant phospholipid vesicles skin delivery |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/5/1041 |
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