Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle Intermediates: Regulators of Immune Responses
The tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) is a series of chemical reactions used in aerobic organisms to generate energy via the oxidation of acetylcoenzyme A (CoA) derived from carbohydrates, fatty acids and proteins. In the eukaryotic system, the TCA cycle occurs completely in mitochondria, while the int...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Life |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/1/69 |
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| author | Inseok Choi Hyewon Son Jea-Hyun Baek |
| author_facet | Inseok Choi Hyewon Son Jea-Hyun Baek |
| author_sort | Inseok Choi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) is a series of chemical reactions used in aerobic organisms to generate energy via the oxidation of acetylcoenzyme A (CoA) derived from carbohydrates, fatty acids and proteins. In the eukaryotic system, the TCA cycle occurs completely in mitochondria, while the intermediates of the TCA cycle are retained inside mitochondria due to their polarity and hydrophilicity. Under cell stress conditions, mitochondria can become disrupted and release their contents, which act as danger signals in the cytosol. Of note, the TCA cycle intermediates may also leak from dysfunctioning mitochondria and regulate cellular processes. Increasing evidence shows that the metabolites of the TCA cycle are substantially involved in the regulation of immune responses. In this review, we aimed to provide a comprehensive systematic overview of the molecular mechanisms of each TCA cycle intermediate that may play key roles in regulating cellular immunity in cell stress and discuss its implication for immune activation and suppression. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:22:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-52944cea61e34ac68299896708c6400b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-1729 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:22:51Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Life |
| spelling | doaj.art-52944cea61e34ac68299896708c6400b2023-12-03T13:45:18ZengMDPI AGLife2075-17292021-01-011116910.3390/life11010069Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle Intermediates: Regulators of Immune ResponsesInseok Choi0Hyewon Son1Jea-Hyun Baek2School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37554, KoreaSchool of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37554, KoreaSchool of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37554, KoreaThe tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) is a series of chemical reactions used in aerobic organisms to generate energy via the oxidation of acetylcoenzyme A (CoA) derived from carbohydrates, fatty acids and proteins. In the eukaryotic system, the TCA cycle occurs completely in mitochondria, while the intermediates of the TCA cycle are retained inside mitochondria due to their polarity and hydrophilicity. Under cell stress conditions, mitochondria can become disrupted and release their contents, which act as danger signals in the cytosol. Of note, the TCA cycle intermediates may also leak from dysfunctioning mitochondria and regulate cellular processes. Increasing evidence shows that the metabolites of the TCA cycle are substantially involved in the regulation of immune responses. In this review, we aimed to provide a comprehensive systematic overview of the molecular mechanisms of each TCA cycle intermediate that may play key roles in regulating cellular immunity in cell stress and discuss its implication for immune activation and suppression.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/1/69Krebs cycletricarboxylic acid cyclecellular immunityimmunometabolism |
| spellingShingle | Inseok Choi Hyewon Son Jea-Hyun Baek Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle Intermediates: Regulators of Immune Responses Life Krebs cycle tricarboxylic acid cycle cellular immunity immunometabolism |
| title | Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle Intermediates: Regulators of Immune Responses |
| title_full | Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle Intermediates: Regulators of Immune Responses |
| title_fullStr | Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle Intermediates: Regulators of Immune Responses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle Intermediates: Regulators of Immune Responses |
| title_short | Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle Intermediates: Regulators of Immune Responses |
| title_sort | tricarboxylic acid tca cycle intermediates regulators of immune responses |
| topic | Krebs cycle tricarboxylic acid cycle cellular immunity immunometabolism |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/1/69 |
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