Cardiovascular implications in adolescent and young adult hypertension
Background: Hypertension is one of the most prevalent diseases in the United States, affecting an estimated 3.5% of children and adolescents. It can be adversely affect most organ systems but is particularly detrimental to the heart and vascular systems. The repercussions can be gauged through well-...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IMR Press
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/23/5/10.31083/j.rcm2305166 |
| _version_ | 1818161162709106688 |
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| author | Rupesh Raina Amrit Khooblall Raghav Shah Nina Vijayvargiya Prajit Khooblall Bhavya Sharma Nikhil Datla Aarushi Narang Keval Yerigeri Manasa Melachuri Kirsten Kusumi |
| author_facet | Rupesh Raina Amrit Khooblall Raghav Shah Nina Vijayvargiya Prajit Khooblall Bhavya Sharma Nikhil Datla Aarushi Narang Keval Yerigeri Manasa Melachuri Kirsten Kusumi |
| author_sort | Rupesh Raina |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Hypertension is one of the most prevalent diseases in the United States, affecting an estimated 3.5% of children and adolescents. It can be adversely affect most organ systems but is particularly detrimental to the heart and vascular systems. The repercussions can be gauged through well-established measures of cardiovascular function including left ventricular mass index (LVMI), left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), carotid intima media thickness (cIMT), and aortic stiffness. Cardiovascular function is also affected by underlying etiologies of hypertension including chronic kidney disease, polycystic kidney disease, coarctation of the aorta, adrenal disorders, renal artery stenosis, obstructive sleep apnea, as well as various drugs and medications (decongestants, stimulants, Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), and steroids). Methods: An exhaustive literature search was conducted for clinical data regarding pediatric hypertension. Sixty-seven articles were incorporated with data on 189,477 subjects total. The data was then extracted and categorized as relating to hypertension incidence, LVMI, LVH, cIMT, and/or aortic stiffness. Results: The prevalence of pediatric (<18 years) hypertension extracted from 47 studies from 1994 to 2018 averaged 4%. The LVMI assessed over 7 studies (n = 661) averaged 39.3 g/m2.7 in the hypertensive cohort and 30.1 g/m2.7 in the control cohort. The cIMT assessed over 7 studies (n = 580) averaged 0.55 mm in the hypertensive cohort and 0.49 mm in the control cohort. Ambulatory arterial stiffness parameters assessed over 5 studies (n = 573) in the normotensive cohort averaged 99.73 mmHg, 69.81 mmHg, 76.85 mmHg, and 46.90 mmHg, for SBP, DBP, MAP, and PP respectively. Ambulatory arterial stiffness parameters assessed over 5 studies (n = 573) in the hypertensive cohort averaged 129.56 mmHg, 73.69 mmHg, 95.08 mmHg, and 56.80 mmHg, for SBP, DBP, MAP, and PP respectively. Conclusions: The significance of pediatric hypertension is emphasized by evidence of early cardiovascular disease as demonstrated by non-invasive measures including cIMT and arterial stiffness parameters, and target organ damage and including LVH and LVMI factors. Thus, early diagnosis and treatment of high blood pressure is paramount for improving long term cardiovascular health and preventing long term morbidity and mortality. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T16:13:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-52978d8d6f4549038da268b42a6b9ecb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1530-6550 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T16:13:23Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | IMR Press |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-52978d8d6f4549038da268b42a6b9ecb2022-12-22T00:59:00ZengIMR PressReviews in Cardiovascular Medicine1530-65502022-05-0123516610.31083/j.rcm2305166S1530-6550(22)00499-9Cardiovascular implications in adolescent and young adult hypertensionRupesh Raina0Amrit Khooblall1Raghav Shah2Nina Vijayvargiya3Prajit Khooblall4Bhavya Sharma5Nikhil Datla6Aarushi Narang7Keval Yerigeri8Manasa Melachuri9Kirsten Kusumi10Akron Nephrology Associates/Cleveland Clinic Akron General Medical Center, Akron, OH 44307, USAAkron Nephrology Associates/Cleveland Clinic Akron General Medical Center, Akron, OH 44307, USAAkron Nephrology Associates/Cleveland Clinic Akron General Medical Center, Akron, OH 44307, USAAkron Nephrology Associates/Cleveland Clinic Akron General Medical Center, Akron, OH 44307, USADepartment of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USADepartment of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USADepartment of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USAAkron Nephrology Associates/Cleveland Clinic Akron General Medical Center, Akron, OH 44307, USADepartment of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USAAkron Nephrology Associates/Cleveland Clinic Akron General Medical Center, Akron, OH 44307, USADepartment of Pediatric Nephrology, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, OH 44308, USABackground: Hypertension is one of the most prevalent diseases in the United States, affecting an estimated 3.5% of children and adolescents. It can be adversely affect most organ systems but is particularly detrimental to the heart and vascular systems. The repercussions can be gauged through well-established measures of cardiovascular function including left ventricular mass index (LVMI), left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), carotid intima media thickness (cIMT), and aortic stiffness. Cardiovascular function is also affected by underlying etiologies of hypertension including chronic kidney disease, polycystic kidney disease, coarctation of the aorta, adrenal disorders, renal artery stenosis, obstructive sleep apnea, as well as various drugs and medications (decongestants, stimulants, Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), and steroids). Methods: An exhaustive literature search was conducted for clinical data regarding pediatric hypertension. Sixty-seven articles were incorporated with data on 189,477 subjects total. The data was then extracted and categorized as relating to hypertension incidence, LVMI, LVH, cIMT, and/or aortic stiffness. Results: The prevalence of pediatric (<18 years) hypertension extracted from 47 studies from 1994 to 2018 averaged 4%. The LVMI assessed over 7 studies (n = 661) averaged 39.3 g/m2.7 in the hypertensive cohort and 30.1 g/m2.7 in the control cohort. The cIMT assessed over 7 studies (n = 580) averaged 0.55 mm in the hypertensive cohort and 0.49 mm in the control cohort. Ambulatory arterial stiffness parameters assessed over 5 studies (n = 573) in the normotensive cohort averaged 99.73 mmHg, 69.81 mmHg, 76.85 mmHg, and 46.90 mmHg, for SBP, DBP, MAP, and PP respectively. Ambulatory arterial stiffness parameters assessed over 5 studies (n = 573) in the hypertensive cohort averaged 129.56 mmHg, 73.69 mmHg, 95.08 mmHg, and 56.80 mmHg, for SBP, DBP, MAP, and PP respectively. Conclusions: The significance of pediatric hypertension is emphasized by evidence of early cardiovascular disease as demonstrated by non-invasive measures including cIMT and arterial stiffness parameters, and target organ damage and including LVH and LVMI factors. Thus, early diagnosis and treatment of high blood pressure is paramount for improving long term cardiovascular health and preventing long term morbidity and mortality.https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/23/5/10.31083/j.rcm2305166pediatric hypertensioncardiovascular outcomesadolescent hypertension |
| spellingShingle | Rupesh Raina Amrit Khooblall Raghav Shah Nina Vijayvargiya Prajit Khooblall Bhavya Sharma Nikhil Datla Aarushi Narang Keval Yerigeri Manasa Melachuri Kirsten Kusumi Cardiovascular implications in adolescent and young adult hypertension Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine pediatric hypertension cardiovascular outcomes adolescent hypertension |
| title | Cardiovascular implications in adolescent and young adult hypertension |
| title_full | Cardiovascular implications in adolescent and young adult hypertension |
| title_fullStr | Cardiovascular implications in adolescent and young adult hypertension |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cardiovascular implications in adolescent and young adult hypertension |
| title_short | Cardiovascular implications in adolescent and young adult hypertension |
| title_sort | cardiovascular implications in adolescent and young adult hypertension |
| topic | pediatric hypertension cardiovascular outcomes adolescent hypertension |
| url | https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/23/5/10.31083/j.rcm2305166 |
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