Structures, Biosynthesis, and Physiological Functions of (1,3;1,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">d</span>-Glucans
(1,3;1,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-Glucans, also named as mixed-linkage glucans, are unbranched non-cellulosic polysaccharides containing both (1,3)- and (1,4)-β-linkages. The linkage ratio varies depending upon species origin and has a significant imp...
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Cells |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/3/510 |
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| author | Shu-Chieh Chang Rebecka Karmakar Saldivar Pi-Hui Liang Yves S. Y. Hsieh |
| author_facet | Shu-Chieh Chang Rebecka Karmakar Saldivar Pi-Hui Liang Yves S. Y. Hsieh |
| author_sort | Shu-Chieh Chang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | (1,3;1,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-Glucans, also named as mixed-linkage glucans, are unbranched non-cellulosic polysaccharides containing both (1,3)- and (1,4)-β-linkages. The linkage ratio varies depending upon species origin and has a significant impact on the physicochemical properties of the (1,3;1,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-glucans. (1,3;1,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-Glucans were thought to be unique in the grasses family (Poaceae); however, evidence has shown that (1,3;1,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-glucans are also synthesized in other taxa, including horsetail fern <i>Equisetum</i>, algae, lichens, and fungi, and more recently, bacteria. The enzyme involved in (1,3;1,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-glucan biosynthesis has been well studied in grasses and cereal. However, how this enzyme is able to assemble the two different linkages remains a matter of debate. Additionally, the presence of (1,3;1,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-glucan across the species evolutionarily distant from Poaceae but absence in some evolutionarily closely related species suggest that the synthesis is either highly conserved or has arisen twice as a result of convergent evolution. Here, we compare the structure of (1,3;1,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-glucans present across various taxonomic groups and provide up-to-date information on how (1,3;1,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-glucans are synthesized and their functions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:16:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-52b6bc52a58143a4bf3be8984334d8bb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:16:32Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cells |
| spelling | doaj.art-52b6bc52a58143a4bf3be8984334d8bb2023-12-03T11:52:20ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092021-02-0110351010.3390/cells10030510Structures, Biosynthesis, and Physiological Functions of (1,3;1,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">d</span>-GlucansShu-Chieh Chang0Rebecka Karmakar Saldivar1Pi-Hui Liang2Yves S. Y. Hsieh3Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, SwedenDivision of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, SwedenSchool of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, TaiwanDivision of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden(1,3;1,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-Glucans, also named as mixed-linkage glucans, are unbranched non-cellulosic polysaccharides containing both (1,3)- and (1,4)-β-linkages. The linkage ratio varies depending upon species origin and has a significant impact on the physicochemical properties of the (1,3;1,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-glucans. (1,3;1,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-Glucans were thought to be unique in the grasses family (Poaceae); however, evidence has shown that (1,3;1,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-glucans are also synthesized in other taxa, including horsetail fern <i>Equisetum</i>, algae, lichens, and fungi, and more recently, bacteria. The enzyme involved in (1,3;1,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-glucan biosynthesis has been well studied in grasses and cereal. However, how this enzyme is able to assemble the two different linkages remains a matter of debate. Additionally, the presence of (1,3;1,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-glucan across the species evolutionarily distant from Poaceae but absence in some evolutionarily closely related species suggest that the synthesis is either highly conserved or has arisen twice as a result of convergent evolution. Here, we compare the structure of (1,3;1,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-glucans present across various taxonomic groups and provide up-to-date information on how (1,3;1,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-glucans are synthesized and their functions.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/3/510cell wallpolysaccharide(1,31,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">d</span>-glucanmixed-linkage glucan |
| spellingShingle | Shu-Chieh Chang Rebecka Karmakar Saldivar Pi-Hui Liang Yves S. Y. Hsieh Structures, Biosynthesis, and Physiological Functions of (1,3;1,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">d</span>-Glucans Cells cell wall polysaccharide (1,3 1,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">d</span>-glucan mixed-linkage glucan |
| title | Structures, Biosynthesis, and Physiological Functions of (1,3;1,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">d</span>-Glucans |
| title_full | Structures, Biosynthesis, and Physiological Functions of (1,3;1,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">d</span>-Glucans |
| title_fullStr | Structures, Biosynthesis, and Physiological Functions of (1,3;1,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">d</span>-Glucans |
| title_full_unstemmed | Structures, Biosynthesis, and Physiological Functions of (1,3;1,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">d</span>-Glucans |
| title_short | Structures, Biosynthesis, and Physiological Functions of (1,3;1,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">d</span>-Glucans |
| title_sort | structures biosynthesis and physiological functions of 1 3 1 4 β span style font variant small caps d span glucans |
| topic | cell wall polysaccharide (1,3 1,4)-β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">d</span>-glucan mixed-linkage glucan |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/3/510 |
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