In Vitro Anti-Venom Potentials of Aqueous Extract and Oils of <i>Toona ciliata</i> M. Roem against Cobra Venom and Chemical Constituents of Oils
There are high mortality and morbidity rates from poisonous snakebites globally. Many medicinal plants are locally used for snakebite treatment in Uganda. This study aimed to determine the in vitro anti-venom activities of aqueous extract and oils of <i>Toona ciliata</i> against <i>...
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/7/3089 |
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| author | David Fred Okot Jane Namukobe Patrick Vudriko Godwin Anywar Matthias Heydenreich Oyedeji Adebola Omowumi Robert Byamukama |
| author_facet | David Fred Okot Jane Namukobe Patrick Vudriko Godwin Anywar Matthias Heydenreich Oyedeji Adebola Omowumi Robert Byamukama |
| author_sort | David Fred Okot |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | There are high mortality and morbidity rates from poisonous snakebites globally. Many medicinal plants are locally used for snakebite treatment in Uganda. This study aimed to determine the in vitro anti-venom activities of aqueous extract and oils of <i>Toona ciliata</i> against <i>Naja melanoleuca</i> venom. A mixture of venom and extract was administered intramuscularly in rats. Anticoagulant, antiphospholipase A<sub>2</sub> (PLA<sub>2</sub>) inhibition assay, and gel electrophoresis for anti-venom activities of oils were done. The chemical constituents of the oils of <i>ciliata</i> were identified using Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (GC-MS/MS). The LD<sub>50</sub> of the venom was 0.168 ± 0.21 µg/g. The venom and aqueous extract mixture (1.25 µg/g and 3.5 mg/g) did not cause any rat mortality, while the control with venom only (1.25 µg/g) caused death in 1 h. The aqueous extract of <i>T. ciliata</i> inhibited the anticoagulation activity of <i>N. melanoleuca</i> venom from 18.58 min. to 4.83 min and reduced the hemolytic halo diameter from 24 to 22 mm. SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis showed that oils completely cleared venom proteins. GC-MS/MS analysis showed that the oils had sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (60%) in the volatile oil (VO) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (48.89%) in the non-volatile oils (NVO). Some major compounds reported for the first time in <i>T. ciliata</i> NVOs were: Rutamarin (52.55%), β-Himachalol (9.53%), Girinimbine (6.68%) and Oprea1 (6.24%). Most compounds in the VO were reported for the first time in <i>T. ciliata,</i> including the major ones Santalene (8.55%) and Himachal-7-ol (6.69%). The result showed that aqueous extract and oils of <i>T. ciliata</i> have anti-venom/procoagulant activities and completely neutralized the venom. We recommend a study on isolation and testing the pure compounds against the same venom. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:29:37Z |
| format | Article |
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| issn | 1420-3049 |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:29:37Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-53600c9bbe4741fc88e74b262bf5c3c72023-11-17T17:13:21ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-03-01287308910.3390/molecules28073089In Vitro Anti-Venom Potentials of Aqueous Extract and Oils of <i>Toona ciliata</i> M. Roem against Cobra Venom and Chemical Constituents of OilsDavid Fred Okot0Jane Namukobe1Patrick Vudriko2Godwin Anywar3Matthias Heydenreich4Oyedeji Adebola Omowumi5Robert Byamukama6Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, UgandaDepartment of Chemistry, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, UgandaResearch Centre for Tropical Diseases and Vector Control, Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Clinics and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, UgandaDepartment of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, UgandaInstitute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, GermanyDepartment of Chemical & Physical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Private Bag X1, Mthatha 5099, South AfricaDepartment of Chemistry, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, UgandaThere are high mortality and morbidity rates from poisonous snakebites globally. Many medicinal plants are locally used for snakebite treatment in Uganda. This study aimed to determine the in vitro anti-venom activities of aqueous extract and oils of <i>Toona ciliata</i> against <i>Naja melanoleuca</i> venom. A mixture of venom and extract was administered intramuscularly in rats. Anticoagulant, antiphospholipase A<sub>2</sub> (PLA<sub>2</sub>) inhibition assay, and gel electrophoresis for anti-venom activities of oils were done. The chemical constituents of the oils of <i>ciliata</i> were identified using Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (GC-MS/MS). The LD<sub>50</sub> of the venom was 0.168 ± 0.21 µg/g. The venom and aqueous extract mixture (1.25 µg/g and 3.5 mg/g) did not cause any rat mortality, while the control with venom only (1.25 µg/g) caused death in 1 h. The aqueous extract of <i>T. ciliata</i> inhibited the anticoagulation activity of <i>N. melanoleuca</i> venom from 18.58 min. to 4.83 min and reduced the hemolytic halo diameter from 24 to 22 mm. SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis showed that oils completely cleared venom proteins. GC-MS/MS analysis showed that the oils had sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (60%) in the volatile oil (VO) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (48.89%) in the non-volatile oils (NVO). Some major compounds reported for the first time in <i>T. ciliata</i> NVOs were: Rutamarin (52.55%), β-Himachalol (9.53%), Girinimbine (6.68%) and Oprea1 (6.24%). Most compounds in the VO were reported for the first time in <i>T. ciliata,</i> including the major ones Santalene (8.55%) and Himachal-7-ol (6.69%). The result showed that aqueous extract and oils of <i>T. ciliata</i> have anti-venom/procoagulant activities and completely neutralized the venom. We recommend a study on isolation and testing the pure compounds against the same venom.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/7/3089snakebitevenommedicinal plantsanticoagulationantiphospholipase a<sub>2</sub> inhibitorrutamarin and seselin |
| spellingShingle | David Fred Okot Jane Namukobe Patrick Vudriko Godwin Anywar Matthias Heydenreich Oyedeji Adebola Omowumi Robert Byamukama In Vitro Anti-Venom Potentials of Aqueous Extract and Oils of <i>Toona ciliata</i> M. Roem against Cobra Venom and Chemical Constituents of Oils Molecules snakebite venom medicinal plants anticoagulation antiphospholipase a<sub>2</sub> inhibitor rutamarin and seselin |
| title | In Vitro Anti-Venom Potentials of Aqueous Extract and Oils of <i>Toona ciliata</i> M. Roem against Cobra Venom and Chemical Constituents of Oils |
| title_full | In Vitro Anti-Venom Potentials of Aqueous Extract and Oils of <i>Toona ciliata</i> M. Roem against Cobra Venom and Chemical Constituents of Oils |
| title_fullStr | In Vitro Anti-Venom Potentials of Aqueous Extract and Oils of <i>Toona ciliata</i> M. Roem against Cobra Venom and Chemical Constituents of Oils |
| title_full_unstemmed | In Vitro Anti-Venom Potentials of Aqueous Extract and Oils of <i>Toona ciliata</i> M. Roem against Cobra Venom and Chemical Constituents of Oils |
| title_short | In Vitro Anti-Venom Potentials of Aqueous Extract and Oils of <i>Toona ciliata</i> M. Roem against Cobra Venom and Chemical Constituents of Oils |
| title_sort | in vitro anti venom potentials of aqueous extract and oils of i toona ciliata i m roem against cobra venom and chemical constituents of oils |
| topic | snakebite venom medicinal plants anticoagulation antiphospholipase a<sub>2</sub> inhibitor rutamarin and seselin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/7/3089 |
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