From Oxidative Stress to Inflammation in the Posterior Ocular Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment
Most irreversible blindness observed with glaucoma and retina-related ocular diseases, including age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, have their origin in the posterior segment of the eye, making their physiopathology both complex and interconnected. In addition to the age fact...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Pharmaceutics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/9/1376 |
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| author | Azza Dammak Fernando Huete-Toral Carlos Carpena-Torres Alba Martin-Gil Cristina Pastrana Gonzalo Carracedo |
| author_facet | Azza Dammak Fernando Huete-Toral Carlos Carpena-Torres Alba Martin-Gil Cristina Pastrana Gonzalo Carracedo |
| author_sort | Azza Dammak |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Most irreversible blindness observed with glaucoma and retina-related ocular diseases, including age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, have their origin in the posterior segment of the eye, making their physiopathology both complex and interconnected. In addition to the age factor, these diseases share the same mechanism disorder based essentially on oxidative stress. In this context, the imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mainly by mitochondria and their elimination by protective mechanisms leads to chronic inflammation. Oxidative stress and inflammation share a close pathophysiological process, appearing simultaneously and suggesting a relationship between both mechanisms. The biochemical end point of these two biological alarming systems is the release of different biomarkers that can be used in the diagnosis. Furthermore, oxidative stress, initiating in the vulnerable tissue of the posterior segment, is closely related to mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, autophagy dysfunction, and inflammation, which are involved in each disease progression. In this review, we have analyzed (1) the oxidative stress and inflammatory processes in the back of the eye, (2) the importance of biomarkers, detected in systemic or ocular fluids, for the diagnosis of eye diseases based on recent studies, and (3) the treatment of posterior ocular diseases, based on long-term clinical studies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:18:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-536453026f4e41e2a984a19ffdff4430 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4923 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:18:15Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmaceutics |
| spelling | doaj.art-536453026f4e41e2a984a19ffdff44302023-11-22T14:46:43ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232021-08-01139137610.3390/pharmaceutics13091376From Oxidative Stress to Inflammation in the Posterior Ocular Diseases: Diagnosis and TreatmentAzza Dammak0Fernando Huete-Toral1Carlos Carpena-Torres2Alba Martin-Gil3Cristina Pastrana4Gonzalo Carracedo5Ocupharm Group Research, Faculty of Optic and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, C/Arcos del Jalon 118, 28037 Madrid, SpainOcupharm Group Research, Faculty of Optic and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, C/Arcos del Jalon 118, 28037 Madrid, SpainOcupharm Group Research, Faculty of Optic and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, C/Arcos del Jalon 118, 28037 Madrid, SpainOcupharm Group Research, Faculty of Optic and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, C/Arcos del Jalon 118, 28037 Madrid, SpainOcupharm Group Research, Faculty of Optic and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, C/Arcos del Jalon 118, 28037 Madrid, SpainOcupharm Group Research, Faculty of Optic and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, C/Arcos del Jalon 118, 28037 Madrid, SpainMost irreversible blindness observed with glaucoma and retina-related ocular diseases, including age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, have their origin in the posterior segment of the eye, making their physiopathology both complex and interconnected. In addition to the age factor, these diseases share the same mechanism disorder based essentially on oxidative stress. In this context, the imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mainly by mitochondria and their elimination by protective mechanisms leads to chronic inflammation. Oxidative stress and inflammation share a close pathophysiological process, appearing simultaneously and suggesting a relationship between both mechanisms. The biochemical end point of these two biological alarming systems is the release of different biomarkers that can be used in the diagnosis. Furthermore, oxidative stress, initiating in the vulnerable tissue of the posterior segment, is closely related to mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, autophagy dysfunction, and inflammation, which are involved in each disease progression. In this review, we have analyzed (1) the oxidative stress and inflammatory processes in the back of the eye, (2) the importance of biomarkers, detected in systemic or ocular fluids, for the diagnosis of eye diseases based on recent studies, and (3) the treatment of posterior ocular diseases, based on long-term clinical studies.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/9/1376oxidative stressinflammationglaucomaretina diseasesage-related macular degenerationdiabetic retinopathy |
| spellingShingle | Azza Dammak Fernando Huete-Toral Carlos Carpena-Torres Alba Martin-Gil Cristina Pastrana Gonzalo Carracedo From Oxidative Stress to Inflammation in the Posterior Ocular Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment Pharmaceutics oxidative stress inflammation glaucoma retina diseases age-related macular degeneration diabetic retinopathy |
| title | From Oxidative Stress to Inflammation in the Posterior Ocular Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment |
| title_full | From Oxidative Stress to Inflammation in the Posterior Ocular Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment |
| title_fullStr | From Oxidative Stress to Inflammation in the Posterior Ocular Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment |
| title_full_unstemmed | From Oxidative Stress to Inflammation in the Posterior Ocular Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment |
| title_short | From Oxidative Stress to Inflammation in the Posterior Ocular Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment |
| title_sort | from oxidative stress to inflammation in the posterior ocular diseases diagnosis and treatment |
| topic | oxidative stress inflammation glaucoma retina diseases age-related macular degeneration diabetic retinopathy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/9/1376 |
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