Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal the Role of Phenylalanine Metabolism in the Maize Response to Stalk Rot Caused by <i>Fusarium proliferatum</i>
Stalk rot is a prevalent disease of maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) that severely affects maize yield and quality worldwide. The ascomycete fungus <i>Fusarium</i> spp. is the most common pathogen of maize stalk rot. At present, the molecular mechanism of <i>Fusarium prolifer...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-01-01
|
| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/3/1492 |
| _version_ | 1797318730749837312 |
|---|---|
| author | Jianjun Sun Yanzhao Wang Xingrui Zhang Zeqiang Cheng Yinghui Song Huimin Li Na Wang Shen Liu Zijia Cao Hongxia Li Wanying Zheng Canxing Duan Yanyong Cao |
| author_facet | Jianjun Sun Yanzhao Wang Xingrui Zhang Zeqiang Cheng Yinghui Song Huimin Li Na Wang Shen Liu Zijia Cao Hongxia Li Wanying Zheng Canxing Duan Yanyong Cao |
| author_sort | Jianjun Sun |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Stalk rot is a prevalent disease of maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) that severely affects maize yield and quality worldwide. The ascomycete fungus <i>Fusarium</i> spp. is the most common pathogen of maize stalk rot. At present, the molecular mechanism of <i>Fusarium proliferation</i> during the maize stalk infection that causes maize stalk rot has rarely been reported. In this study, we investigated the response of maize to <i>F. proliferatum</i> infestation by analyzing the phenotypic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic data of inbred lines ZC17 (resistant) and CH72 (susceptible) with different levels of resistance to stalk rot. Physiological and phenotypic results showed that the infection CH72 was significantly more severe than ZC17 after inoculation. Transcriptome analysis showed that after inoculation, the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was higher in CH72 than in ZC17. Nearly half of these DEGs showed the same expression trend in the two inbred lines. Functional annotation and enrichment analyses indicated that the major pathways enriched for DEGs and DEMs included the biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites, phenylalanine metabolism, biosynthesis of plant hormones, and plant–pathogen interactions. The comprehensive analysis of transcriptome and metabolome data indicated that phenylalanine metabolism and the phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis pathways played a crucial role in maize resistance to <i>F. proliferatum</i> infection. In addition, a transcription factor (TF) analysis of the DEGs showed that several TF families, including MYB, bHLH, NAC, and WRKY, were significantly activated after inoculation, suggesting that these TFs play important roles in the molecular regulatory network of maize disease resistance. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the molecular basis of the response of maize to <i>Fusarium proliferatum</i> infection and highlight the importance of combining multiple approaches, such as phenotyping, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, to gain a comprehensive understanding of plant–pathogen interactions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T03:55:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-53846bbe42b34302bf55b850f392be57 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T03:55:32Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-53846bbe42b34302bf55b850f392be572024-02-09T15:13:28ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672024-01-01253149210.3390/ijms25031492Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal the Role of Phenylalanine Metabolism in the Maize Response to Stalk Rot Caused by <i>Fusarium proliferatum</i>Jianjun Sun0Yanzhao Wang1Xingrui Zhang2Zeqiang Cheng3Yinghui Song4Huimin Li5Na Wang6Shen Liu7Zijia Cao8Hongxia Li9Wanying Zheng10Canxing Duan11Yanyong Cao12Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, ChinaInstitute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, ChinaKey Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaInstitute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, ChinaInstitute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, ChinaInstitute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, ChinaInstitute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, ChinaInstitute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, ChinaInstitute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, ChinaInstitute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, ChinaInstitute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, ChinaKey Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaInstitute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, ChinaStalk rot is a prevalent disease of maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) that severely affects maize yield and quality worldwide. The ascomycete fungus <i>Fusarium</i> spp. is the most common pathogen of maize stalk rot. At present, the molecular mechanism of <i>Fusarium proliferation</i> during the maize stalk infection that causes maize stalk rot has rarely been reported. In this study, we investigated the response of maize to <i>F. proliferatum</i> infestation by analyzing the phenotypic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic data of inbred lines ZC17 (resistant) and CH72 (susceptible) with different levels of resistance to stalk rot. Physiological and phenotypic results showed that the infection CH72 was significantly more severe than ZC17 after inoculation. Transcriptome analysis showed that after inoculation, the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was higher in CH72 than in ZC17. Nearly half of these DEGs showed the same expression trend in the two inbred lines. Functional annotation and enrichment analyses indicated that the major pathways enriched for DEGs and DEMs included the biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites, phenylalanine metabolism, biosynthesis of plant hormones, and plant–pathogen interactions. The comprehensive analysis of transcriptome and metabolome data indicated that phenylalanine metabolism and the phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis pathways played a crucial role in maize resistance to <i>F. proliferatum</i> infection. In addition, a transcription factor (TF) analysis of the DEGs showed that several TF families, including MYB, bHLH, NAC, and WRKY, were significantly activated after inoculation, suggesting that these TFs play important roles in the molecular regulatory network of maize disease resistance. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the molecular basis of the response of maize to <i>Fusarium proliferatum</i> infection and highlight the importance of combining multiple approaches, such as phenotyping, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, to gain a comprehensive understanding of plant–pathogen interactions.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/3/1492transcriptomemetabolomemaize stalk rot<i>Fusarium proliferatum</i>phenylalanine metabolism |
| spellingShingle | Jianjun Sun Yanzhao Wang Xingrui Zhang Zeqiang Cheng Yinghui Song Huimin Li Na Wang Shen Liu Zijia Cao Hongxia Li Wanying Zheng Canxing Duan Yanyong Cao Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal the Role of Phenylalanine Metabolism in the Maize Response to Stalk Rot Caused by <i>Fusarium proliferatum</i> International Journal of Molecular Sciences transcriptome metabolome maize stalk rot <i>Fusarium proliferatum</i> phenylalanine metabolism |
| title | Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal the Role of Phenylalanine Metabolism in the Maize Response to Stalk Rot Caused by <i>Fusarium proliferatum</i> |
| title_full | Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal the Role of Phenylalanine Metabolism in the Maize Response to Stalk Rot Caused by <i>Fusarium proliferatum</i> |
| title_fullStr | Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal the Role of Phenylalanine Metabolism in the Maize Response to Stalk Rot Caused by <i>Fusarium proliferatum</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal the Role of Phenylalanine Metabolism in the Maize Response to Stalk Rot Caused by <i>Fusarium proliferatum</i> |
| title_short | Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal the Role of Phenylalanine Metabolism in the Maize Response to Stalk Rot Caused by <i>Fusarium proliferatum</i> |
| title_sort | transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal the role of phenylalanine metabolism in the maize response to stalk rot caused by i fusarium proliferatum i |
| topic | transcriptome metabolome maize stalk rot <i>Fusarium proliferatum</i> phenylalanine metabolism |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/3/1492 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jianjunsun transcriptomicandmetabolomicanalysesrevealtheroleofphenylalaninemetabolisminthemaizeresponsetostalkrotcausedbyifusariumproliferatumi AT yanzhaowang transcriptomicandmetabolomicanalysesrevealtheroleofphenylalaninemetabolisminthemaizeresponsetostalkrotcausedbyifusariumproliferatumi AT xingruizhang transcriptomicandmetabolomicanalysesrevealtheroleofphenylalaninemetabolisminthemaizeresponsetostalkrotcausedbyifusariumproliferatumi AT zeqiangcheng transcriptomicandmetabolomicanalysesrevealtheroleofphenylalaninemetabolisminthemaizeresponsetostalkrotcausedbyifusariumproliferatumi AT yinghuisong transcriptomicandmetabolomicanalysesrevealtheroleofphenylalaninemetabolisminthemaizeresponsetostalkrotcausedbyifusariumproliferatumi AT huiminli transcriptomicandmetabolomicanalysesrevealtheroleofphenylalaninemetabolisminthemaizeresponsetostalkrotcausedbyifusariumproliferatumi AT nawang transcriptomicandmetabolomicanalysesrevealtheroleofphenylalaninemetabolisminthemaizeresponsetostalkrotcausedbyifusariumproliferatumi AT shenliu transcriptomicandmetabolomicanalysesrevealtheroleofphenylalaninemetabolisminthemaizeresponsetostalkrotcausedbyifusariumproliferatumi AT zijiacao transcriptomicandmetabolomicanalysesrevealtheroleofphenylalaninemetabolisminthemaizeresponsetostalkrotcausedbyifusariumproliferatumi AT hongxiali transcriptomicandmetabolomicanalysesrevealtheroleofphenylalaninemetabolisminthemaizeresponsetostalkrotcausedbyifusariumproliferatumi AT wanyingzheng transcriptomicandmetabolomicanalysesrevealtheroleofphenylalaninemetabolisminthemaizeresponsetostalkrotcausedbyifusariumproliferatumi AT canxingduan transcriptomicandmetabolomicanalysesrevealtheroleofphenylalaninemetabolisminthemaizeresponsetostalkrotcausedbyifusariumproliferatumi AT yanyongcao transcriptomicandmetabolomicanalysesrevealtheroleofphenylalaninemetabolisminthemaizeresponsetostalkrotcausedbyifusariumproliferatumi |