Study on the Interface Instability of a Shock Wave–Sub-Millimeter Liquid Droplet Interface and a Numerical Investigation of Its Breakup
This study investigated the influence of instability on the interaction between sub-millimeter liquid droplets and shock waves. Experiments were conducted using 0.42 mm diameter droplets with varying shock wave Mach numbers. The investigation quantified the effects of Weber numbers and initial diame...
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/24/13283 |
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| author | Youqiang Wei Ruoling Dong Yixin Zhang Shuang Liang |
| author_facet | Youqiang Wei Ruoling Dong Yixin Zhang Shuang Liang |
| author_sort | Youqiang Wei |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study investigated the influence of instability on the interaction between sub-millimeter liquid droplets and shock waves. Experiments were conducted using 0.42 mm diameter droplets with varying shock wave Mach numbers. The investigation quantified the effects of Weber numbers and initial diameters on the development of Rayleigh–Taylor and Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities at the shock wave–sub-millimeter liquid droplet interface. Three-dimensional numerical simulations were performed to investigate the deformation and breakup behaviors of sub-millimeter liquid droplets under the impact of a shock wave with a Mach number of 2.12. The post-shock gas flow environment in this condition was in a supersonic state. The simulations utilized the volume-of-fluid method to model the gas–liquid interface, employed unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes methods to simulate turbulence, and incorporated grid gradient adaptive technology to enhance computational efficiency. The results revealed that by increasing the Weber number or decreasing the initial diameter, both the growth rate and the wavenumber extremum of the Rayleigh–Taylor and Kelvin–Helmholtz instability waves increased. The variation in the K–H instability’s growth rate extremum increasing Weber number surpassed that of the R–T’s instability. This indicated that both the R–T and K–H waves on sub-millimeter liquid droplets tended to exhibit increased growth rates and reduced scales. Moreover, as the Weber number increased, the K–H instability became dominant in the aerodynamic fragmentation. The numerical simulations showed good qualitative agreement with the experimental data, affirming the viability of numerical methods for addressing such challenges. The evolution of the sub-millimeter liquid droplets was marked by two primary stages, flattening and shear stripping, signifying that the K–H instability-driven SIE mechanism governed the aerodynamic breakup in the supersonic post-shock airflow. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T21:01:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5384d8276a7d44dbad59a70abf9bf6f4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T21:01:30Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-5384d8276a7d44dbad59a70abf9bf6f42023-12-22T13:52:07ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172023-12-0113241328310.3390/app132413283Study on the Interface Instability of a Shock Wave–Sub-Millimeter Liquid Droplet Interface and a Numerical Investigation of Its BreakupYouqiang Wei0Ruoling Dong1Yixin Zhang2Shuang Liang3Department of Fluid Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, ChinaDepartment of Fluid Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, ChinaDepartment of Fluid Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, ChinaDepartment of Fluid Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, ChinaThis study investigated the influence of instability on the interaction between sub-millimeter liquid droplets and shock waves. Experiments were conducted using 0.42 mm diameter droplets with varying shock wave Mach numbers. The investigation quantified the effects of Weber numbers and initial diameters on the development of Rayleigh–Taylor and Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities at the shock wave–sub-millimeter liquid droplet interface. Three-dimensional numerical simulations were performed to investigate the deformation and breakup behaviors of sub-millimeter liquid droplets under the impact of a shock wave with a Mach number of 2.12. The post-shock gas flow environment in this condition was in a supersonic state. The simulations utilized the volume-of-fluid method to model the gas–liquid interface, employed unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes methods to simulate turbulence, and incorporated grid gradient adaptive technology to enhance computational efficiency. The results revealed that by increasing the Weber number or decreasing the initial diameter, both the growth rate and the wavenumber extremum of the Rayleigh–Taylor and Kelvin–Helmholtz instability waves increased. The variation in the K–H instability’s growth rate extremum increasing Weber number surpassed that of the R–T’s instability. This indicated that both the R–T and K–H waves on sub-millimeter liquid droplets tended to exhibit increased growth rates and reduced scales. Moreover, as the Weber number increased, the K–H instability became dominant in the aerodynamic fragmentation. The numerical simulations showed good qualitative agreement with the experimental data, affirming the viability of numerical methods for addressing such challenges. The evolution of the sub-millimeter liquid droplets was marked by two primary stages, flattening and shear stripping, signifying that the K–H instability-driven SIE mechanism governed the aerodynamic breakup in the supersonic post-shock airflow.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/24/13283sub-millimeter dropletsshock waveaerodynamic breakupinstabilitysupersonic post-shock airflow |
| spellingShingle | Youqiang Wei Ruoling Dong Yixin Zhang Shuang Liang Study on the Interface Instability of a Shock Wave–Sub-Millimeter Liquid Droplet Interface and a Numerical Investigation of Its Breakup Applied Sciences sub-millimeter droplets shock wave aerodynamic breakup instability supersonic post-shock airflow |
| title | Study on the Interface Instability of a Shock Wave–Sub-Millimeter Liquid Droplet Interface and a Numerical Investigation of Its Breakup |
| title_full | Study on the Interface Instability of a Shock Wave–Sub-Millimeter Liquid Droplet Interface and a Numerical Investigation of Its Breakup |
| title_fullStr | Study on the Interface Instability of a Shock Wave–Sub-Millimeter Liquid Droplet Interface and a Numerical Investigation of Its Breakup |
| title_full_unstemmed | Study on the Interface Instability of a Shock Wave–Sub-Millimeter Liquid Droplet Interface and a Numerical Investigation of Its Breakup |
| title_short | Study on the Interface Instability of a Shock Wave–Sub-Millimeter Liquid Droplet Interface and a Numerical Investigation of Its Breakup |
| title_sort | study on the interface instability of a shock wave sub millimeter liquid droplet interface and a numerical investigation of its breakup |
| topic | sub-millimeter droplets shock wave aerodynamic breakup instability supersonic post-shock airflow |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/24/13283 |
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