Reference Intervals and Percentiles for Hematologic and Serum Biochemical Values in Captive Bred Rhesus (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) and Cynomolgus Macaques (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>)
Several physiological characteristics and housing conditions are known to affect hematologic and serum biochemical values in macaques. However, the studies that have been conducted either report values calculated based on a small number of animals, were designed specifically to document the effect o...
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/3/445 |
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| author | Jaco Bakker Annemiek Maaskant Merel Wegman Dian G. M. Zijlmans Patrice Hage Jan A. M. Langermans Edmond J. Remarque |
| author_facet | Jaco Bakker Annemiek Maaskant Merel Wegman Dian G. M. Zijlmans Patrice Hage Jan A. M. Langermans Edmond J. Remarque |
| author_sort | Jaco Bakker |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Several physiological characteristics and housing conditions are known to affect hematologic and serum biochemical values in macaques. However, the studies that have been conducted either report values calculated based on a small number of animals, were designed specifically to document the effect of a particular condition on the normal range of hematologic and serum biochemical values, or used parametric assumptions to calculate hematologic and serum biochemical reference intervals. We conducted a retrospective longitudinal cohort study to estimate reference intervals for hematologic and serum biochemical values in clinically healthy macaques based on observed percentiles without parametric assumptions. Data were obtained as part of the Biomedical Primate Research Centre (Rijswijk, The Netherlands) health monitoring program between 2018 and 2021. In total, 4009 blood samples from 1475 macaques were analyzed with a maximum of one repeat per year per animal. Data were established by species, gender, age, weight-for-height indices, pregnancy, sedation protocol, and housing conditions. Most of the parameters profoundly affected just some hematologic and serum biochemical values. A significant glucose difference was observed between the ketamine and ketamine-medetomidine sedation protocols. The results emphasize the importance of establishing uniform experimental groups with validated animal husbandry and housing conditions to improve the reproducibility of the experiments. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:53:57Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:53:57Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| spelling | doaj.art-5384e1d29426463ea3fb00dfa03b68362023-11-16T16:00:58ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152023-01-0113344510.3390/ani13030445Reference Intervals and Percentiles for Hematologic and Serum Biochemical Values in Captive Bred Rhesus (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) and Cynomolgus Macaques (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>)Jaco Bakker0Annemiek Maaskant1Merel Wegman2Dian G. M. Zijlmans3Patrice Hage4Jan A. M. Langermans5Edmond J. Remarque6Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The NetherlandsAnimal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The NetherlandsAnimal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The NetherlandsAnimal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The NetherlandsDepartment Population Health Sciences, Animals in Science & Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The NetherlandsAnimal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The NetherlandsDepartment of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The NetherlandsSeveral physiological characteristics and housing conditions are known to affect hematologic and serum biochemical values in macaques. However, the studies that have been conducted either report values calculated based on a small number of animals, were designed specifically to document the effect of a particular condition on the normal range of hematologic and serum biochemical values, or used parametric assumptions to calculate hematologic and serum biochemical reference intervals. We conducted a retrospective longitudinal cohort study to estimate reference intervals for hematologic and serum biochemical values in clinically healthy macaques based on observed percentiles without parametric assumptions. Data were obtained as part of the Biomedical Primate Research Centre (Rijswijk, The Netherlands) health monitoring program between 2018 and 2021. In total, 4009 blood samples from 1475 macaques were analyzed with a maximum of one repeat per year per animal. Data were established by species, gender, age, weight-for-height indices, pregnancy, sedation protocol, and housing conditions. Most of the parameters profoundly affected just some hematologic and serum biochemical values. A significant glucose difference was observed between the ketamine and ketamine-medetomidine sedation protocols. The results emphasize the importance of establishing uniform experimental groups with validated animal husbandry and housing conditions to improve the reproducibility of the experiments.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/3/445biochemistrybloodcynomolgus macaquehematologyketaminemedetomidine |
| spellingShingle | Jaco Bakker Annemiek Maaskant Merel Wegman Dian G. M. Zijlmans Patrice Hage Jan A. M. Langermans Edmond J. Remarque Reference Intervals and Percentiles for Hematologic and Serum Biochemical Values in Captive Bred Rhesus (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) and Cynomolgus Macaques (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>) Animals biochemistry blood cynomolgus macaque hematology ketamine medetomidine |
| title | Reference Intervals and Percentiles for Hematologic and Serum Biochemical Values in Captive Bred Rhesus (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) and Cynomolgus Macaques (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>) |
| title_full | Reference Intervals and Percentiles for Hematologic and Serum Biochemical Values in Captive Bred Rhesus (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) and Cynomolgus Macaques (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>) |
| title_fullStr | Reference Intervals and Percentiles for Hematologic and Serum Biochemical Values in Captive Bred Rhesus (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) and Cynomolgus Macaques (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Reference Intervals and Percentiles for Hematologic and Serum Biochemical Values in Captive Bred Rhesus (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) and Cynomolgus Macaques (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>) |
| title_short | Reference Intervals and Percentiles for Hematologic and Serum Biochemical Values in Captive Bred Rhesus (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) and Cynomolgus Macaques (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>) |
| title_sort | reference intervals and percentiles for hematologic and serum biochemical values in captive bred rhesus i macaca mulatta i and cynomolgus macaques i macaca fascicularis i |
| topic | biochemistry blood cynomolgus macaque hematology ketamine medetomidine |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/3/445 |
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