Cluster analysis of long COVID in Japan and association of its trajectory of symptoms and quality of life
Background Multiple prolonged symptoms observed in patients who recovered from COVID-19 are defined as long COVID. Although diverse phenotypic combinations are possible, they remain unclear. This study aimed to perform a cluster analysis of long COVID in Japan and clarify the association between its...
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BMJ Publishing Group
2024-02-01
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| Series: | BMJ Open Respiratory Research |
| Online Access: | https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/11/1/e002111.full |
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| author | Yasunori Sato Katsunori Masaki Takanori Asakura Koichi Fukunaga Naoto Minematsu Makoto Ishii Keita Masuzawa Ichiro Kawada Tadashi Manabe Masahiro Kondo Shotaro Chubachi Ho Namkoong Hideki Terai Junko Kagyo Tetsuya Shiomi Keiko Ohgino Sohei Nakayama Yusuke Suzuki Yohei Funatsu Hidefumi Koh Ryo Takemura Fumimaro Ito Mizuha Hashiguchi Takahiro Fukui Jun Miyata |
| author_facet | Yasunori Sato Katsunori Masaki Takanori Asakura Koichi Fukunaga Naoto Minematsu Makoto Ishii Keita Masuzawa Ichiro Kawada Tadashi Manabe Masahiro Kondo Shotaro Chubachi Ho Namkoong Hideki Terai Junko Kagyo Tetsuya Shiomi Keiko Ohgino Sohei Nakayama Yusuke Suzuki Yohei Funatsu Hidefumi Koh Ryo Takemura Fumimaro Ito Mizuha Hashiguchi Takahiro Fukui Jun Miyata |
| author_sort | Yasunori Sato |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background Multiple prolonged symptoms observed in patients who recovered from COVID-19 are defined as long COVID. Although diverse phenotypic combinations are possible, they remain unclear. This study aimed to perform a cluster analysis of long COVID in Japan and clarify the association between its characteristics and background factors and quality of life (QOL).Methods This multicentre prospective cohort study collected various symptoms and QOL after COVID-19 from January 2020 to February 2021. This study included 935 patients aged ≥18 years with COVID-19 at 26 participating medical facilities. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed using 24 long COVID symptom at 3 months after diagnosis.Results Participants were divided into the following five clusters: numerous symptoms across multiple organs (cluster 1, n=54); no or minor symptoms (cluster 2, n=546); taste and olfactory disorders (cluster 3, n=76); fatigue, psychoneurotic symptoms and dyspnoea (low prevalence of cough and sputum) (cluster 4, n=207) and fatigue and dyspnoea (high prevalence of cough and sputum) (cluster 5, n=52). Cluster 1 included elderly patients with severe symptoms, while cluster 3 included young female with mild symptoms. No significant differences were observed in the comorbidities. Cluster 1 showed the most impaired QOL, followed by clusters 4 and 5; these changes as well as the composition of symptoms were observed over 1 year.Conclusions We identified patients with long COVID with diverse characteristics into five clusters. Future analysis of these different pathologies could result in individualised treatment of long COVID.Trial registration number The study protocol is registered at UMIN clinical trials registry (UMIN000042299). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:10:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5386dc378f2e4ead81e03023b84a1ad8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2052-4439 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:10:04Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | BMJ Publishing Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMJ Open Respiratory Research |
| spelling | doaj.art-5386dc378f2e4ead81e03023b84a1ad82024-02-23T16:25:08ZengBMJ Publishing GroupBMJ Open Respiratory Research2052-44392024-02-0111110.1136/bmjresp-2023-002111Cluster analysis of long COVID in Japan and association of its trajectory of symptoms and quality of lifeYasunori Sato0Katsunori Masaki1Takanori Asakura2Koichi Fukunaga3Naoto Minematsu4Makoto Ishii5Keita Masuzawa6Ichiro Kawada7Tadashi Manabe8Masahiro Kondo9Shotaro Chubachi10Ho Namkoong11Hideki Terai12Junko Kagyo13Tetsuya Shiomi14Keiko Ohgino15Sohei Nakayama16Yusuke Suzuki17Yohei Funatsu18Hidefumi Koh19Ryo Takemura20Fumimaro Ito21Mizuha Hashiguchi22Takahiro Fukui23Jun Miyata24Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDivision of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDivision of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDivision of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Internal Medicine, Hino Municipal Hospital, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, JapanDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, JapanDivision of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDivision of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tachikawa Hospital, Tokyo, JapanBiostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, JapanDivision of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDivision of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Internal Medicine, Keiyu Hospital, Kanagawa, JapanDepartment of Internal Medicine, Keiyu Hospital, Kanagawa, JapanDivision of Pulmonary Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, Kanagawa, JapanDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, JapanDivision of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tachikawa Hospital, Tokyo, JapanDivision of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tachikawa Hospital, Tokyo, JapanClinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, Shinjuku, Tokyo, JapanDivision of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDivision of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDivision of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tachikawa Hospital, Tokyo, JapanDivision of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanBackground Multiple prolonged symptoms observed in patients who recovered from COVID-19 are defined as long COVID. Although diverse phenotypic combinations are possible, they remain unclear. This study aimed to perform a cluster analysis of long COVID in Japan and clarify the association between its characteristics and background factors and quality of life (QOL).Methods This multicentre prospective cohort study collected various symptoms and QOL after COVID-19 from January 2020 to February 2021. This study included 935 patients aged ≥18 years with COVID-19 at 26 participating medical facilities. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed using 24 long COVID symptom at 3 months after diagnosis.Results Participants were divided into the following five clusters: numerous symptoms across multiple organs (cluster 1, n=54); no or minor symptoms (cluster 2, n=546); taste and olfactory disorders (cluster 3, n=76); fatigue, psychoneurotic symptoms and dyspnoea (low prevalence of cough and sputum) (cluster 4, n=207) and fatigue and dyspnoea (high prevalence of cough and sputum) (cluster 5, n=52). Cluster 1 included elderly patients with severe symptoms, while cluster 3 included young female with mild symptoms. No significant differences were observed in the comorbidities. Cluster 1 showed the most impaired QOL, followed by clusters 4 and 5; these changes as well as the composition of symptoms were observed over 1 year.Conclusions We identified patients with long COVID with diverse characteristics into five clusters. Future analysis of these different pathologies could result in individualised treatment of long COVID.Trial registration number The study protocol is registered at UMIN clinical trials registry (UMIN000042299).https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/11/1/e002111.full |
| spellingShingle | Yasunori Sato Katsunori Masaki Takanori Asakura Koichi Fukunaga Naoto Minematsu Makoto Ishii Keita Masuzawa Ichiro Kawada Tadashi Manabe Masahiro Kondo Shotaro Chubachi Ho Namkoong Hideki Terai Junko Kagyo Tetsuya Shiomi Keiko Ohgino Sohei Nakayama Yusuke Suzuki Yohei Funatsu Hidefumi Koh Ryo Takemura Fumimaro Ito Mizuha Hashiguchi Takahiro Fukui Jun Miyata Cluster analysis of long COVID in Japan and association of its trajectory of symptoms and quality of life BMJ Open Respiratory Research |
| title | Cluster analysis of long COVID in Japan and association of its trajectory of symptoms and quality of life |
| title_full | Cluster analysis of long COVID in Japan and association of its trajectory of symptoms and quality of life |
| title_fullStr | Cluster analysis of long COVID in Japan and association of its trajectory of symptoms and quality of life |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cluster analysis of long COVID in Japan and association of its trajectory of symptoms and quality of life |
| title_short | Cluster analysis of long COVID in Japan and association of its trajectory of symptoms and quality of life |
| title_sort | cluster analysis of long covid in japan and association of its trajectory of symptoms and quality of life |
| url | https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/11/1/e002111.full |
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