Unique Chemistry, Intake, and Metabolism of Polyamines in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Its Body
Polyamines (PAs) are small, versatile molecules with two or more nitrogen-containing positively charged groups and provide widespread biological functions. Most of these aspects are well known and covered by quite a number of excellent surveys. Here, the present review includes novel aspects and que...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Biomolecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/12/4/501 |
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| author | Julian Rieck Serguei N. Skatchkov Christian Derst Misty J. Eaton Rüdiger W. Veh |
| author_facet | Julian Rieck Serguei N. Skatchkov Christian Derst Misty J. Eaton Rüdiger W. Veh |
| author_sort | Julian Rieck |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Polyamines (PAs) are small, versatile molecules with two or more nitrogen-containing positively charged groups and provide widespread biological functions. Most of these aspects are well known and covered by quite a number of excellent surveys. Here, the present review includes novel aspects and questions: (1) It summarizes the role of most natural and some important synthetic PAs. (2) It depicts PA uptake from nutrition and bacterial production in the intestinal system following loss of PAs via defecation. (3) It highlights the discrepancy between the high concentrations of PAs in the gut lumen and their low concentration in the blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, while concentrations in cellular cytoplasm are much higher. (4) The present review provides a novel and complete scheme for the biosynthesis of Pas, including glycine, glutamate, proline and others as PA precursors, and provides a hypothesis that the agmatine pathway may rescue putrescine production when ODC knockout seems to be lethal (solving the apparent contradiction in the literature). (5) It summarizes novel data on PA transport in brain glial cells explaining why these cells but not neurons preferentially accumulate PAs. (6) Finally, it provides a novel and complete scheme for PA interconversion, including hypusine, putreanine, and GABA (unique gliotransmitter) as end-products. Altogether, this review can serve as an updated contribution to understanding the PA mystery. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:07:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-538cbf0a4d484a9abc1e13c5d1a7b3d3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-273X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:07:02Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomolecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-538cbf0a4d484a9abc1e13c5d1a7b3d32023-12-01T00:55:27ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2022-03-0112450110.3390/biom12040501Unique Chemistry, Intake, and Metabolism of Polyamines in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Its BodyJulian Rieck0Serguei N. Skatchkov1Christian Derst2Misty J. Eaton3Rüdiger W. Veh4Institut für Zell- und Neurobiologie, Centrum 2, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Physiology, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00956, USAInstitut für Integrative Neuroanatomie, Centrum 2, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00956, USAInstitut für Zell- und Neurobiologie, Centrum 2, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, GermanyPolyamines (PAs) are small, versatile molecules with two or more nitrogen-containing positively charged groups and provide widespread biological functions. Most of these aspects are well known and covered by quite a number of excellent surveys. Here, the present review includes novel aspects and questions: (1) It summarizes the role of most natural and some important synthetic PAs. (2) It depicts PA uptake from nutrition and bacterial production in the intestinal system following loss of PAs via defecation. (3) It highlights the discrepancy between the high concentrations of PAs in the gut lumen and their low concentration in the blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, while concentrations in cellular cytoplasm are much higher. (4) The present review provides a novel and complete scheme for the biosynthesis of Pas, including glycine, glutamate, proline and others as PA precursors, and provides a hypothesis that the agmatine pathway may rescue putrescine production when ODC knockout seems to be lethal (solving the apparent contradiction in the literature). (5) It summarizes novel data on PA transport in brain glial cells explaining why these cells but not neurons preferentially accumulate PAs. (6) Finally, it provides a novel and complete scheme for PA interconversion, including hypusine, putreanine, and GABA (unique gliotransmitter) as end-products. Altogether, this review can serve as an updated contribution to understanding the PA mystery.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/12/4/501polyaminesCNSastrocytesneuronsglial cellsspermidine |
| spellingShingle | Julian Rieck Serguei N. Skatchkov Christian Derst Misty J. Eaton Rüdiger W. Veh Unique Chemistry, Intake, and Metabolism of Polyamines in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Its Body Biomolecules polyamines CNS astrocytes neurons glial cells spermidine |
| title | Unique Chemistry, Intake, and Metabolism of Polyamines in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Its Body |
| title_full | Unique Chemistry, Intake, and Metabolism of Polyamines in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Its Body |
| title_fullStr | Unique Chemistry, Intake, and Metabolism of Polyamines in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Its Body |
| title_full_unstemmed | Unique Chemistry, Intake, and Metabolism of Polyamines in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Its Body |
| title_short | Unique Chemistry, Intake, and Metabolism of Polyamines in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Its Body |
| title_sort | unique chemistry intake and metabolism of polyamines in the central nervous system cns and its body |
| topic | polyamines CNS astrocytes neurons glial cells spermidine |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/12/4/501 |
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