The Mechanisms Controlling the CO<sub>2</sub> Outgassing of a Karst Spring–River–Lake Continuum: Evidence from Baotuquan Spring Drainage Area, Jinan City, Northern China
The significance of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions at the water–air interface from inland water bodies in the global carbon cycle has been recognized and is being studied more and more. Although it is important to accurately assess CO<sub>2</sub> emission flux in a catchment, littl...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-07-01
|
| Series: | Water |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/14/2567 |
| _version_ | 1797587153118560256 |
|---|---|
| author | Wen Liu Tao Zhang Haoran Liu Pengfei Ma Yue Teng Qin Guan Lingqin Yu Chunwei Liu Yiping Li Chuanlei Li Changsuo Li Junbing Pu |
| author_facet | Wen Liu Tao Zhang Haoran Liu Pengfei Ma Yue Teng Qin Guan Lingqin Yu Chunwei Liu Yiping Li Chuanlei Li Changsuo Li Junbing Pu |
| author_sort | Wen Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The significance of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions at the water–air interface from inland water bodies in the global carbon cycle has been recognized and is being studied more and more. Although it is important to accurately assess CO<sub>2</sub> emission flux in a catchment, little research has been carried out to investigate the spatio-temporal variations in CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in view of a water continuum. Here, we systematically compared the differences and control factors of CO<sub>2</sub> degassing across the water–air interface of a spring–river–lake continuum in the discharge area of Baotuquan Spring in July 2017, which is a typical temperate karst spring area in Jinan city, northern China, using hydrogeochemical parameters, stable carbon isotope values, and CO<sub>2</sub> degassing flux. Affected by the <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> concentration gradient between the water and ambient air, the spring water showed a high CO<sub>2</sub> degassing flux (166.19 ± 91.91 mmol/(m<sup>2</sup> d)). After the spring outlet, the CO<sub>2</sub> degassing flux in the spring-fed river showed a slight increase (181.05 ± 155.61 mmol/(m<sup>2</sup> d)) due to river flow rate disturbance. The river flow rate was significantly reduced by the “blockage” of the lake, which promoted the survival and reproduction of phytoplankton and provided favorable conditions for aquatic plant photosynthesis, increasing the plankton biomass in the lake to 3383.79 × 10<sup>4</sup>/L. In addition, the significant decrease in the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration and the increase in the δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>DIC</sub> values in the lake also indicated that the photosynthesis of the lake’s aquatic plants resulted in a significant decrease in the <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> concentration, thus limiting the amount of CO<sub>2</sub> off-gassing (90.56 ± 55.03 mmol/(m<sup>2</sup> d)). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:33:12Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-538e506666f1463e8c50603d2f9f4aeb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:33:12Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-538e506666f1463e8c50603d2f9f4aeb2023-11-18T21:47:10ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412023-07-011514256710.3390/w15142567The Mechanisms Controlling the CO<sub>2</sub> Outgassing of a Karst Spring–River–Lake Continuum: Evidence from Baotuquan Spring Drainage Area, Jinan City, Northern ChinaWen Liu0Tao Zhang1Haoran Liu2Pengfei Ma3Yue Teng4Qin Guan5Lingqin Yu6Chunwei Liu7Yiping Li8Chuanlei Li9Changsuo Li10Junbing Pu11Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environmental Protection and Remediation on Groundwater, 801 Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Shandong Provincial Geo-Mineral Engineering Exploration Institute, Jinan 250014, ChinaChongqing Key Laboratory of Wetland Science Research of the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, School of Geography and Tourism Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, ChinaShandong Engineering Research Center for Environmental Protection and Remediation on Groundwater, 801 Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Shandong Provincial Geo-Mineral Engineering Exploration Institute, Jinan 250014, ChinaShandong Engineering Research Center for Environmental Protection and Remediation on Groundwater, 801 Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Shandong Provincial Geo-Mineral Engineering Exploration Institute, Jinan 250014, ChinaShandong Engineering Research Center for Environmental Protection and Remediation on Groundwater, 801 Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Shandong Provincial Geo-Mineral Engineering Exploration Institute, Jinan 250014, ChinaShandong Engineering Research Center for Environmental Protection and Remediation on Groundwater, 801 Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Shandong Provincial Geo-Mineral Engineering Exploration Institute, Jinan 250014, ChinaShandong Engineering Research Center for Environmental Protection and Remediation on Groundwater, 801 Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Shandong Provincial Geo-Mineral Engineering Exploration Institute, Jinan 250014, ChinaShandong Engineering Research Center for Environmental Protection and Remediation on Groundwater, 801 Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Shandong Provincial Geo-Mineral Engineering Exploration Institute, Jinan 250014, ChinaShandong GEO-Surveying & Mapping Institute, Jinan 250002, ChinaShandong Engineering Research Center for Environmental Protection and Remediation on Groundwater, 801 Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Shandong Provincial Geo-Mineral Engineering Exploration Institute, Jinan 250014, ChinaShandong Engineering Research Center for Environmental Protection and Remediation on Groundwater, 801 Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Shandong Provincial Geo-Mineral Engineering Exploration Institute, Jinan 250014, ChinaChongqing Key Laboratory of Wetland Science Research of the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, School of Geography and Tourism Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, ChinaThe significance of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions at the water–air interface from inland water bodies in the global carbon cycle has been recognized and is being studied more and more. Although it is important to accurately assess CO<sub>2</sub> emission flux in a catchment, little research has been carried out to investigate the spatio-temporal variations in CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in view of a water continuum. Here, we systematically compared the differences and control factors of CO<sub>2</sub> degassing across the water–air interface of a spring–river–lake continuum in the discharge area of Baotuquan Spring in July 2017, which is a typical temperate karst spring area in Jinan city, northern China, using hydrogeochemical parameters, stable carbon isotope values, and CO<sub>2</sub> degassing flux. Affected by the <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> concentration gradient between the water and ambient air, the spring water showed a high CO<sub>2</sub> degassing flux (166.19 ± 91.91 mmol/(m<sup>2</sup> d)). After the spring outlet, the CO<sub>2</sub> degassing flux in the spring-fed river showed a slight increase (181.05 ± 155.61 mmol/(m<sup>2</sup> d)) due to river flow rate disturbance. The river flow rate was significantly reduced by the “blockage” of the lake, which promoted the survival and reproduction of phytoplankton and provided favorable conditions for aquatic plant photosynthesis, increasing the plankton biomass in the lake to 3383.79 × 10<sup>4</sup>/L. In addition, the significant decrease in the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration and the increase in the δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>DIC</sub> values in the lake also indicated that the photosynthesis of the lake’s aquatic plants resulted in a significant decrease in the <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> concentration, thus limiting the amount of CO<sub>2</sub> off-gassing (90.56 ± 55.03 mmol/(m<sup>2</sup> d)).https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/14/2567water–air interfaceCO<sub>2</sub> degassingkarst spring–river–lake continuumphotosynthesis |
| spellingShingle | Wen Liu Tao Zhang Haoran Liu Pengfei Ma Yue Teng Qin Guan Lingqin Yu Chunwei Liu Yiping Li Chuanlei Li Changsuo Li Junbing Pu The Mechanisms Controlling the CO<sub>2</sub> Outgassing of a Karst Spring–River–Lake Continuum: Evidence from Baotuquan Spring Drainage Area, Jinan City, Northern China Water water–air interface CO<sub>2</sub> degassing karst spring–river–lake continuum photosynthesis |
| title | The Mechanisms Controlling the CO<sub>2</sub> Outgassing of a Karst Spring–River–Lake Continuum: Evidence from Baotuquan Spring Drainage Area, Jinan City, Northern China |
| title_full | The Mechanisms Controlling the CO<sub>2</sub> Outgassing of a Karst Spring–River–Lake Continuum: Evidence from Baotuquan Spring Drainage Area, Jinan City, Northern China |
| title_fullStr | The Mechanisms Controlling the CO<sub>2</sub> Outgassing of a Karst Spring–River–Lake Continuum: Evidence from Baotuquan Spring Drainage Area, Jinan City, Northern China |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Mechanisms Controlling the CO<sub>2</sub> Outgassing of a Karst Spring–River–Lake Continuum: Evidence from Baotuquan Spring Drainage Area, Jinan City, Northern China |
| title_short | The Mechanisms Controlling the CO<sub>2</sub> Outgassing of a Karst Spring–River–Lake Continuum: Evidence from Baotuquan Spring Drainage Area, Jinan City, Northern China |
| title_sort | mechanisms controlling the co sub 2 sub outgassing of a karst spring river lake continuum evidence from baotuquan spring drainage area jinan city northern china |
| topic | water–air interface CO<sub>2</sub> degassing karst spring–river–lake continuum photosynthesis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/14/2567 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT wenliu themechanismscontrollingthecosub2suboutgassingofakarstspringriverlakecontinuumevidencefrombaotuquanspringdrainageareajinancitynorthernchina AT taozhang themechanismscontrollingthecosub2suboutgassingofakarstspringriverlakecontinuumevidencefrombaotuquanspringdrainageareajinancitynorthernchina AT haoranliu themechanismscontrollingthecosub2suboutgassingofakarstspringriverlakecontinuumevidencefrombaotuquanspringdrainageareajinancitynorthernchina AT pengfeima themechanismscontrollingthecosub2suboutgassingofakarstspringriverlakecontinuumevidencefrombaotuquanspringdrainageareajinancitynorthernchina AT yueteng themechanismscontrollingthecosub2suboutgassingofakarstspringriverlakecontinuumevidencefrombaotuquanspringdrainageareajinancitynorthernchina AT qinguan themechanismscontrollingthecosub2suboutgassingofakarstspringriverlakecontinuumevidencefrombaotuquanspringdrainageareajinancitynorthernchina AT lingqinyu themechanismscontrollingthecosub2suboutgassingofakarstspringriverlakecontinuumevidencefrombaotuquanspringdrainageareajinancitynorthernchina AT chunweiliu themechanismscontrollingthecosub2suboutgassingofakarstspringriverlakecontinuumevidencefrombaotuquanspringdrainageareajinancitynorthernchina AT yipingli themechanismscontrollingthecosub2suboutgassingofakarstspringriverlakecontinuumevidencefrombaotuquanspringdrainageareajinancitynorthernchina AT chuanleili themechanismscontrollingthecosub2suboutgassingofakarstspringriverlakecontinuumevidencefrombaotuquanspringdrainageareajinancitynorthernchina AT changsuoli themechanismscontrollingthecosub2suboutgassingofakarstspringriverlakecontinuumevidencefrombaotuquanspringdrainageareajinancitynorthernchina AT junbingpu themechanismscontrollingthecosub2suboutgassingofakarstspringriverlakecontinuumevidencefrombaotuquanspringdrainageareajinancitynorthernchina AT wenliu mechanismscontrollingthecosub2suboutgassingofakarstspringriverlakecontinuumevidencefrombaotuquanspringdrainageareajinancitynorthernchina AT taozhang mechanismscontrollingthecosub2suboutgassingofakarstspringriverlakecontinuumevidencefrombaotuquanspringdrainageareajinancitynorthernchina AT haoranliu mechanismscontrollingthecosub2suboutgassingofakarstspringriverlakecontinuumevidencefrombaotuquanspringdrainageareajinancitynorthernchina AT pengfeima mechanismscontrollingthecosub2suboutgassingofakarstspringriverlakecontinuumevidencefrombaotuquanspringdrainageareajinancitynorthernchina AT yueteng mechanismscontrollingthecosub2suboutgassingofakarstspringriverlakecontinuumevidencefrombaotuquanspringdrainageareajinancitynorthernchina AT qinguan mechanismscontrollingthecosub2suboutgassingofakarstspringriverlakecontinuumevidencefrombaotuquanspringdrainageareajinancitynorthernchina AT lingqinyu mechanismscontrollingthecosub2suboutgassingofakarstspringriverlakecontinuumevidencefrombaotuquanspringdrainageareajinancitynorthernchina AT chunweiliu mechanismscontrollingthecosub2suboutgassingofakarstspringriverlakecontinuumevidencefrombaotuquanspringdrainageareajinancitynorthernchina AT yipingli mechanismscontrollingthecosub2suboutgassingofakarstspringriverlakecontinuumevidencefrombaotuquanspringdrainageareajinancitynorthernchina AT chuanleili mechanismscontrollingthecosub2suboutgassingofakarstspringriverlakecontinuumevidencefrombaotuquanspringdrainageareajinancitynorthernchina AT changsuoli mechanismscontrollingthecosub2suboutgassingofakarstspringriverlakecontinuumevidencefrombaotuquanspringdrainageareajinancitynorthernchina AT junbingpu mechanismscontrollingthecosub2suboutgassingofakarstspringriverlakecontinuumevidencefrombaotuquanspringdrainageareajinancitynorthernchina |