All-cause mortality and long-term exposure to low level air pollution in the ‘45 and up study’ cohort, Sydney, Australia, 2006–2015
Background: Epidemiological studies show that long-term exposure to ambient air pollution reduces life expectancy. Most studies have been in environments with relatively high concentrations such as North America, Europe and Asia. Associations at the lower end of the concentration-response function a...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2019-05-01
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| Series: | Environment International |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412018329635 |
| _version_ | 1818519117139804160 |
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| author | Ivan C. Hanigan Margaret I. Rolfe Luke D. Knibbs Farhad Salimi Christine T. Cowie Jane Heyworth Guy B. Marks Yuming Guo Martin Cope Adrian Bauman Bin Jalaludin Geoffrey G. Morgan |
| author_facet | Ivan C. Hanigan Margaret I. Rolfe Luke D. Knibbs Farhad Salimi Christine T. Cowie Jane Heyworth Guy B. Marks Yuming Guo Martin Cope Adrian Bauman Bin Jalaludin Geoffrey G. Morgan |
| author_sort | Ivan C. Hanigan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Epidemiological studies show that long-term exposure to ambient air pollution reduces life expectancy. Most studies have been in environments with relatively high concentrations such as North America, Europe and Asia. Associations at the lower end of the concentration-response function are not well defined. Objectives: We assessed associations between all-cause mortality and exposure to annual average particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in Sydney, Australia, where concentrations are relatively low. Methods: The ‘45 and Up Study’ comprises a prospective longitudinal cohort from the state of New South Wales, Australia with 266,969 participants linked to death registry data. We analyzed data for the participants who resided in Sydney at baseline questionnaire (n = 75,268). Exposures to long-term pollution were estimated using annual averages from a chemical transport model (PM2.5), and a satellite-based land-use regression model (NO2). Socio-demographic information was extracted from the baseline questionnaire. Cox proportional hazard models were applied to estimate associations, while adjusting for covariates. Results: In our cohort mean annual PM2.5 was 4.5 μg/m3 and mean NO2 was 17.8 μg/m3. The mortality rate was 4.4% over the 7 years of follow up. Models that adjusted for individual-level and area-level risk factors resulted in a detrimental non statistically significant hazard ratio (HR) of 1.05 (95% CI: 0.98–1.12) per 1 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5, and 1.03 (95% CI: 0.98–1.07) per 5 μg/m3 increase in NO2. Conclusions: We found evidence that low-level air pollution exposure was associated with increased risk of mortality in this cohort of adults aged 45 years and over, even at the relatively low concentrations seen in Sydney. However, a clear determination of the association with mortality is difficult because the results were sensitive to some covariates. Our findings are supportive of emerging evidence that exposure to low levels of air pollution reduces life expectancy. Keywords: All-cause mortality, Low concentration, Fine particulate matter, Gaseous pollutants, Survival model |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T01:19:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5391ebd4bad5447b8b26db0a97072157 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0160-4120 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T01:19:27Z |
| publishDate | 2019-05-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Environment International |
| spelling | doaj.art-5391ebd4bad5447b8b26db0a970721572022-12-22T01:25:45ZengElsevierEnvironment International0160-41202019-05-01126762770All-cause mortality and long-term exposure to low level air pollution in the ‘45 and up study’ cohort, Sydney, Australia, 2006–2015Ivan C. Hanigan0Margaret I. Rolfe1Luke D. Knibbs2Farhad Salimi3Christine T. Cowie4Jane Heyworth5Guy B. Marks6Yuming Guo7Martin Cope8Adrian Bauman9Bin Jalaludin10Geoffrey G. Morgan11Centre for Air Pollution, Energy and Health Research, Australia; The University of Sydney, University Centre for Rural Health, School of Public Health, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Research and Action in Public Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia; Corresponding author at: Centre for Air Pollution, Energy and Health Research, Australia.The University of Sydney, University Centre for Rural Health, School of Public Health, Sydney, AustraliaCentre for Air Pollution, Energy and Health Research, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, AustraliaCentre for Air Pollution, Energy and Health Research, Australia; The University of Sydney, University Centre for Rural Health, School of Public Health, Sydney, AustraliaCentre for Air Pollution, Energy and Health Research, Australia; South West Sydney Clinical School, University of NSW, Australia; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, AustraliaCentre for Air Pollution, Energy and Health Research, Australia; The Clean Air and Urban Landscapes Hub & School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, AustraliaCentre for Air Pollution, Energy and Health Research, Australia; Woolcock Institute of Medical Research & South West Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, AustraliaCentre for Air Pollution, Energy and Health Research, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, AustraliaCentre for Air Pollution, Energy and Health Research, Australia; CSIRO, Melbourne, AustraliaThe University of Sydney, School of Public Health, Sydney, AustraliaCentre for Air Pollution, Energy and Health Research, Australia; Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales & Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, AustraliaCentre for Air Pollution, Energy and Health Research, Australia; The University of Sydney, University Centre for Rural Health, School of Public Health, Sydney, AustraliaBackground: Epidemiological studies show that long-term exposure to ambient air pollution reduces life expectancy. Most studies have been in environments with relatively high concentrations such as North America, Europe and Asia. Associations at the lower end of the concentration-response function are not well defined. Objectives: We assessed associations between all-cause mortality and exposure to annual average particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in Sydney, Australia, where concentrations are relatively low. Methods: The ‘45 and Up Study’ comprises a prospective longitudinal cohort from the state of New South Wales, Australia with 266,969 participants linked to death registry data. We analyzed data for the participants who resided in Sydney at baseline questionnaire (n = 75,268). Exposures to long-term pollution were estimated using annual averages from a chemical transport model (PM2.5), and a satellite-based land-use regression model (NO2). Socio-demographic information was extracted from the baseline questionnaire. Cox proportional hazard models were applied to estimate associations, while adjusting for covariates. Results: In our cohort mean annual PM2.5 was 4.5 μg/m3 and mean NO2 was 17.8 μg/m3. The mortality rate was 4.4% over the 7 years of follow up. Models that adjusted for individual-level and area-level risk factors resulted in a detrimental non statistically significant hazard ratio (HR) of 1.05 (95% CI: 0.98–1.12) per 1 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5, and 1.03 (95% CI: 0.98–1.07) per 5 μg/m3 increase in NO2. Conclusions: We found evidence that low-level air pollution exposure was associated with increased risk of mortality in this cohort of adults aged 45 years and over, even at the relatively low concentrations seen in Sydney. However, a clear determination of the association with mortality is difficult because the results were sensitive to some covariates. Our findings are supportive of emerging evidence that exposure to low levels of air pollution reduces life expectancy. Keywords: All-cause mortality, Low concentration, Fine particulate matter, Gaseous pollutants, Survival modelhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412018329635 |
| spellingShingle | Ivan C. Hanigan Margaret I. Rolfe Luke D. Knibbs Farhad Salimi Christine T. Cowie Jane Heyworth Guy B. Marks Yuming Guo Martin Cope Adrian Bauman Bin Jalaludin Geoffrey G. Morgan All-cause mortality and long-term exposure to low level air pollution in the ‘45 and up study’ cohort, Sydney, Australia, 2006–2015 Environment International |
| title | All-cause mortality and long-term exposure to low level air pollution in the ‘45 and up study’ cohort, Sydney, Australia, 2006–2015 |
| title_full | All-cause mortality and long-term exposure to low level air pollution in the ‘45 and up study’ cohort, Sydney, Australia, 2006–2015 |
| title_fullStr | All-cause mortality and long-term exposure to low level air pollution in the ‘45 and up study’ cohort, Sydney, Australia, 2006–2015 |
| title_full_unstemmed | All-cause mortality and long-term exposure to low level air pollution in the ‘45 and up study’ cohort, Sydney, Australia, 2006–2015 |
| title_short | All-cause mortality and long-term exposure to low level air pollution in the ‘45 and up study’ cohort, Sydney, Australia, 2006–2015 |
| title_sort | all cause mortality and long term exposure to low level air pollution in the 45 and up study cohort sydney australia 2006 2015 |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412018329635 |
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