Retrovirus-Derived RTL/SIRH: Their Diverse Roles in the Current Eutherian Developmental System and Contribution to Eutherian Evolution
Eutherians have 11 retrotransposon Gag-like (RTL)/sushi-ichi retrotransposon homolog (SIRH) genes presumably derived from a certain retrovirus. Accumulating evidence indicates that the RTL/SIRH genes play a variety of roles in the current mammalian developmental system, such as in the placenta, brai...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Biomolecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/10/1436 |
| _version_ | 1827721509387370496 |
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| author | Tomoko Kaneko-Ishino Fumitoshi Ishino |
| author_facet | Tomoko Kaneko-Ishino Fumitoshi Ishino |
| author_sort | Tomoko Kaneko-Ishino |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Eutherians have 11 retrotransposon Gag-like (RTL)/sushi-ichi retrotransposon homolog (SIRH) genes presumably derived from a certain retrovirus. Accumulating evidence indicates that the RTL/SIRH genes play a variety of roles in the current mammalian developmental system, such as in the placenta, brain, and innate immune system, in a eutherian-specific manner. It has been shown that the functional role of <i>Paternally Expressed 10</i> (<i>PEG10</i>) in placental formation is unique to the therian mammals, as are the eutherian-specific roles of <i>PEG10</i> and <i>PEG11/RTL1</i> in maintaining the fetal capillary network and the endocrine regulation of <i>RTL7/SIRH7</i> (aka <i>Leucine Zipper Down-Regulated in Cancer 1</i> (<i>LDOCK1</i>)) in the placenta. In the brain, <i>PEG11/RTL1</i> is expressed in the corticospinal tract and hippocampal commissure, mammalian-specific structures, and in the corpus callosum, a eutherian-specific structure. Unexpectedly, at least three RTL/SIRH genes, <i>RTL5/SIRH8</i>, <i>RTL6/SIRH3</i>, and <i>RTL9/SIRH10</i>, play important roles in combating a variety of pathogens, namely viruses, bacteria, and fungi, respectively, suggesting that the innate immunity system of the brain in eutherians has been enhanced by the emergence of these new components. In this review, we will summarize the function of 10 out of the 11 RTL/SIRH genes and discuss their roles in eutherian development and evolution. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:24:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-53b5abd69b3b4e948daf9072f170b4f8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-273X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:24:24Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomolecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-53b5abd69b3b4e948daf9072f170b4f82023-11-19T15:49:14ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2023-09-011310143610.3390/biom13101436Retrovirus-Derived RTL/SIRH: Their Diverse Roles in the Current Eutherian Developmental System and Contribution to Eutherian EvolutionTomoko Kaneko-Ishino0Fumitoshi Ishino1Faculty of Nursing, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Kanagawa 259-1193, JapanCenter for Experimental Animals, Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, JapanEutherians have 11 retrotransposon Gag-like (RTL)/sushi-ichi retrotransposon homolog (SIRH) genes presumably derived from a certain retrovirus. Accumulating evidence indicates that the RTL/SIRH genes play a variety of roles in the current mammalian developmental system, such as in the placenta, brain, and innate immune system, in a eutherian-specific manner. It has been shown that the functional role of <i>Paternally Expressed 10</i> (<i>PEG10</i>) in placental formation is unique to the therian mammals, as are the eutherian-specific roles of <i>PEG10</i> and <i>PEG11/RTL1</i> in maintaining the fetal capillary network and the endocrine regulation of <i>RTL7/SIRH7</i> (aka <i>Leucine Zipper Down-Regulated in Cancer 1</i> (<i>LDOCK1</i>)) in the placenta. In the brain, <i>PEG11/RTL1</i> is expressed in the corticospinal tract and hippocampal commissure, mammalian-specific structures, and in the corpus callosum, a eutherian-specific structure. Unexpectedly, at least three RTL/SIRH genes, <i>RTL5/SIRH8</i>, <i>RTL6/SIRH3</i>, and <i>RTL9/SIRH10</i>, play important roles in combating a variety of pathogens, namely viruses, bacteria, and fungi, respectively, suggesting that the innate immunity system of the brain in eutherians has been enhanced by the emergence of these new components. In this review, we will summarize the function of 10 out of the 11 RTL/SIRH genes and discuss their roles in eutherian development and evolution.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/10/1436<i>PEG10</i><i>PEG11/RTL1</i>RTL/SIRH genesplacentabraininnate immunity |
| spellingShingle | Tomoko Kaneko-Ishino Fumitoshi Ishino Retrovirus-Derived RTL/SIRH: Their Diverse Roles in the Current Eutherian Developmental System and Contribution to Eutherian Evolution Biomolecules <i>PEG10</i> <i>PEG11/RTL1</i> RTL/SIRH genes placenta brain innate immunity |
| title | Retrovirus-Derived RTL/SIRH: Their Diverse Roles in the Current Eutherian Developmental System and Contribution to Eutherian Evolution |
| title_full | Retrovirus-Derived RTL/SIRH: Their Diverse Roles in the Current Eutherian Developmental System and Contribution to Eutherian Evolution |
| title_fullStr | Retrovirus-Derived RTL/SIRH: Their Diverse Roles in the Current Eutherian Developmental System and Contribution to Eutherian Evolution |
| title_full_unstemmed | Retrovirus-Derived RTL/SIRH: Their Diverse Roles in the Current Eutherian Developmental System and Contribution to Eutherian Evolution |
| title_short | Retrovirus-Derived RTL/SIRH: Their Diverse Roles in the Current Eutherian Developmental System and Contribution to Eutherian Evolution |
| title_sort | retrovirus derived rtl sirh their diverse roles in the current eutherian developmental system and contribution to eutherian evolution |
| topic | <i>PEG10</i> <i>PEG11/RTL1</i> RTL/SIRH genes placenta brain innate immunity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/10/1436 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tomokokanekoishino retrovirusderivedrtlsirhtheirdiverserolesinthecurrenteutheriandevelopmentalsystemandcontributiontoeutherianevolution AT fumitoshiishino retrovirusderivedrtlsirhtheirdiverserolesinthecurrenteutheriandevelopmentalsystemandcontributiontoeutherianevolution |