Analytical Model of ALOHA and Time- and Frequency-Asynchronous ALOHA with Forward Error Correction for IoT Systems
The blooming of internet of things (IoT) services calls for a paradigm shift in the design of communications systems. Short data packets sporadically transmitted by a multitude of low-cost low-power terminals require a radical change in relevant aspects of the protocol stack. For example, scheduling...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/10/3741 |
| _version_ | 1797495739222327296 |
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| author | Federico Clazzer Marcel Grec |
| author_facet | Federico Clazzer Marcel Grec |
| author_sort | Federico Clazzer |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The blooming of internet of things (IoT) services calls for a paradigm shift in the design of communications systems. Short data packets sporadically transmitted by a multitude of low-cost low-power terminals require a radical change in relevant aspects of the protocol stack. For example, scheduling-based approaches may become inefficient at the medium access (MAC) layer, and alternatives such as uncoordinated access policies may be preferred. In this context random access (RA) in its simplest form, i.e., additive links on-line Hawaii area (ALOHA), may again become attractive as also proved by a number of technologies adopting it. The use of forward error correction (FEC) can improve its performance, yet a comprehensive analytical model including this aspect is still missing. In this paper, we provide a first attempt by deriving exact expressions for the packet loss rate and spectral efficiency of ALOHA with FEC, and extend the result also to time- and frequency-asynchronous ALOHA aided by FEC. We complement our study with extensive evaluations of the expressions for relevant cases of study, including an IoT system served by low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. Non-trivial outcomes show how time- and frequency-asynchronous ALOHA particularly benefit from the presence of FEC and become competitive with ALOHA. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:53:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-53c02e7d1a7a4ccbaff538a4f5d28b50 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:53:56Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-53c02e7d1a7a4ccbaff538a4f5d28b502023-11-23T13:00:20ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202022-05-012210374110.3390/s22103741Analytical Model of ALOHA and Time- and Frequency-Asynchronous ALOHA with Forward Error Correction for IoT SystemsFederico Clazzer0Marcel Grec1German Aeropsace Center (DLR), Institute of Communications and Navigation, 82234 Weßling, GermanyGerman Aeropsace Center (DLR), Institute of Communications and Navigation, 82234 Weßling, GermanyThe blooming of internet of things (IoT) services calls for a paradigm shift in the design of communications systems. Short data packets sporadically transmitted by a multitude of low-cost low-power terminals require a radical change in relevant aspects of the protocol stack. For example, scheduling-based approaches may become inefficient at the medium access (MAC) layer, and alternatives such as uncoordinated access policies may be preferred. In this context random access (RA) in its simplest form, i.e., additive links on-line Hawaii area (ALOHA), may again become attractive as also proved by a number of technologies adopting it. The use of forward error correction (FEC) can improve its performance, yet a comprehensive analytical model including this aspect is still missing. In this paper, we provide a first attempt by deriving exact expressions for the packet loss rate and spectral efficiency of ALOHA with FEC, and extend the result also to time- and frequency-asynchronous ALOHA aided by FEC. We complement our study with extensive evaluations of the expressions for relevant cases of study, including an IoT system served by low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. Non-trivial outcomes show how time- and frequency-asynchronous ALOHA particularly benefit from the presence of FEC and become competitive with ALOHA.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/10/3741machine-type communicationsgrant-free accessIoT via satellite |
| spellingShingle | Federico Clazzer Marcel Grec Analytical Model of ALOHA and Time- and Frequency-Asynchronous ALOHA with Forward Error Correction for IoT Systems Sensors machine-type communications grant-free access IoT via satellite |
| title | Analytical Model of ALOHA and Time- and Frequency-Asynchronous ALOHA with Forward Error Correction for IoT Systems |
| title_full | Analytical Model of ALOHA and Time- and Frequency-Asynchronous ALOHA with Forward Error Correction for IoT Systems |
| title_fullStr | Analytical Model of ALOHA and Time- and Frequency-Asynchronous ALOHA with Forward Error Correction for IoT Systems |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analytical Model of ALOHA and Time- and Frequency-Asynchronous ALOHA with Forward Error Correction for IoT Systems |
| title_short | Analytical Model of ALOHA and Time- and Frequency-Asynchronous ALOHA with Forward Error Correction for IoT Systems |
| title_sort | analytical model of aloha and time and frequency asynchronous aloha with forward error correction for iot systems |
| topic | machine-type communications grant-free access IoT via satellite |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/10/3741 |
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