Role of Magnesium in the Intensive Care Unit and Immunomodulation: A Literature Review
Both the role and the importance of magnesium in clinical practice have grown considerably in recent years. Emerging evidence suggests an association between loss of magnesium homeostasis and increased mortality in the critical care setting. The underlying mechanism is still unclear, but an increasi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/6/1122 |
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| author | Francesco Saglietti Alessandro Girombelli Stefano Marelli Francesco Vetrone Mario G. Balzanelli Payam Tabaee Damavandi |
| author_facet | Francesco Saglietti Alessandro Girombelli Stefano Marelli Francesco Vetrone Mario G. Balzanelli Payam Tabaee Damavandi |
| author_sort | Francesco Saglietti |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Both the role and the importance of magnesium in clinical practice have grown considerably in recent years. Emerging evidence suggests an association between loss of magnesium homeostasis and increased mortality in the critical care setting. The underlying mechanism is still unclear, but an increasing number of in vivo and in vitro studies on magnesium’s immunomodulating capabilities may shed some light on the matter. This review aims to discuss the evidence behind magnesium homeostasis in critically ill patients, and its link with intensive care unit mortality via a likely magnesium-induced dysregulation of the immune response. The underlying pathogenetic mechanisms, and their implications for clinical outcomes, are discussed. The available evidence strongly supports the crucial role of magnesium in immune system regulation and inflammatory response. The loss of magnesium homeostasis has been associated with an elevated risk of bacterial infections, exacerbated sepsis progression, and detrimental effects on the cardiac, respiratory, neurological, and renal systems, ultimately leading to increased mortality. However, magnesium supplementation has been shown to be beneficial in these conditions, highlighting the importance of maintaining adequate magnesium levels in the intensive care setting. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:50:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-53fdea6d73e94b58bfaab1909aab02a3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:50:57Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-53fdea6d73e94b58bfaab1909aab02a32023-11-18T12:59:32ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2023-06-01116112210.3390/vaccines11061122Role of Magnesium in the Intensive Care Unit and Immunomodulation: A Literature ReviewFrancesco Saglietti0Alessandro Girombelli1Stefano Marelli2Francesco Vetrone3Mario G. Balzanelli4Payam Tabaee Damavandi5Santa Croce and Carle Hospital, Department of Emergency and Critical Care, 12100 Cuneo, ItalyDivision of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive care and Emergency Medicine, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, 69000 Lugano, SwitzerlandDepartment of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, ItalyDepartment of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, ItalyDepartment of Prehospital Emergency Medicine, ASL TA, Italian Society of Prehospital Emergency Medicine (SIS 118), 74121 Taranto, ItalyDepartment of Neurology, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, School of Medicine and Surgery, Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, ItalyBoth the role and the importance of magnesium in clinical practice have grown considerably in recent years. Emerging evidence suggests an association between loss of magnesium homeostasis and increased mortality in the critical care setting. The underlying mechanism is still unclear, but an increasing number of in vivo and in vitro studies on magnesium’s immunomodulating capabilities may shed some light on the matter. This review aims to discuss the evidence behind magnesium homeostasis in critically ill patients, and its link with intensive care unit mortality via a likely magnesium-induced dysregulation of the immune response. The underlying pathogenetic mechanisms, and their implications for clinical outcomes, are discussed. The available evidence strongly supports the crucial role of magnesium in immune system regulation and inflammatory response. The loss of magnesium homeostasis has been associated with an elevated risk of bacterial infections, exacerbated sepsis progression, and detrimental effects on the cardiac, respiratory, neurological, and renal systems, ultimately leading to increased mortality. However, magnesium supplementation has been shown to be beneficial in these conditions, highlighting the importance of maintaining adequate magnesium levels in the intensive care setting.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/6/1122magnesiumcritical careimmunomodulationinfections |
| spellingShingle | Francesco Saglietti Alessandro Girombelli Stefano Marelli Francesco Vetrone Mario G. Balzanelli Payam Tabaee Damavandi Role of Magnesium in the Intensive Care Unit and Immunomodulation: A Literature Review Vaccines magnesium critical care immunomodulation infections |
| title | Role of Magnesium in the Intensive Care Unit and Immunomodulation: A Literature Review |
| title_full | Role of Magnesium in the Intensive Care Unit and Immunomodulation: A Literature Review |
| title_fullStr | Role of Magnesium in the Intensive Care Unit and Immunomodulation: A Literature Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Role of Magnesium in the Intensive Care Unit and Immunomodulation: A Literature Review |
| title_short | Role of Magnesium in the Intensive Care Unit and Immunomodulation: A Literature Review |
| title_sort | role of magnesium in the intensive care unit and immunomodulation a literature review |
| topic | magnesium critical care immunomodulation infections |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/6/1122 |
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