Sooty Mold Detection on Citrus Tree Canopy Using Deep Learning Algorithms
Sooty mold is a common disease found in citrus plants and is characterized by black fungi growth on fruits, leaves, and branches. This mold reduces the plant’s ability to carry out photosynthesis. In small leaves, it is very difficult to detect sooty mold at the early stages. Deep learning-based ima...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8519 |
| _version_ | 1827719854783725568 |
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| author | Bryan Vivas Apacionado Tofael Ahamed |
| author_facet | Bryan Vivas Apacionado Tofael Ahamed |
| author_sort | Bryan Vivas Apacionado |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Sooty mold is a common disease found in citrus plants and is characterized by black fungi growth on fruits, leaves, and branches. This mold reduces the plant’s ability to carry out photosynthesis. In small leaves, it is very difficult to detect sooty mold at the early stages. Deep learning-based image recognition techniques have the potential to identify and diagnose pest damage and diseases such as sooty mold. Recent studies used advanced and expensive hyperspectral or multispectral cameras attached to UAVs to examine the canopy of the plants and mid-range cameras to capture close-up infected leaf images. To bridge the gap on capturing canopy level images using affordable camera sensors, this study used a low-cost home surveillance camera to monitor and detect sooty mold infection on citrus canopy combined with deep learning algorithms. To overcome the challenges posed by varying light conditions, the main reason for using specialized cameras, images were collected at night, utilizing the camera’s built-in night vision feature. A total of 4200 sliced night-captured images were used for training, 200 for validation, and 100 for testing, employed on the YOLOv5m, YOLOv7, and CenterNet models for comparison. The results showed that YOLOv7 was the most accurate in detecting sooty molds at night, with 74.4% mAP compared to YOLOv5m (72%) and CenterNet (70.3%). The models were also tested using preprocessed (unsliced) night images and day-captured sliced and unsliced images. The testing on preprocessed (unsliced) night images demonstrated the same trend as the training results, with YOLOv7 performing best compared to YOLOv5m and CenterNet. In contrast, testing on the day-captured images had underwhelming outcomes for both sliced and unsliced images. In general, YOLOv7 performed best in detecting sooty mold infections at night on citrus canopy and showed promising potential in real-time orchard disease monitoring and detection. Moreover, this study demonstrated that utilizing a cost-effective surveillance camera and deep learning algorithms can accurately detect sooty molds at night, enabling growers to effectively monitor and identify occurrences of the disease at the canopy level. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:54:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-53ffdb97588f4d0dbd7d25ea4cea7fea |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:54:36Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-53ffdb97588f4d0dbd7d25ea4cea7fea2023-11-19T18:04:08ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-10-012320851910.3390/s23208519Sooty Mold Detection on Citrus Tree Canopy Using Deep Learning AlgorithmsBryan Vivas Apacionado0Tofael Ahamed1Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, JapanInstitute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, JapanSooty mold is a common disease found in citrus plants and is characterized by black fungi growth on fruits, leaves, and branches. This mold reduces the plant’s ability to carry out photosynthesis. In small leaves, it is very difficult to detect sooty mold at the early stages. Deep learning-based image recognition techniques have the potential to identify and diagnose pest damage and diseases such as sooty mold. Recent studies used advanced and expensive hyperspectral or multispectral cameras attached to UAVs to examine the canopy of the plants and mid-range cameras to capture close-up infected leaf images. To bridge the gap on capturing canopy level images using affordable camera sensors, this study used a low-cost home surveillance camera to monitor and detect sooty mold infection on citrus canopy combined with deep learning algorithms. To overcome the challenges posed by varying light conditions, the main reason for using specialized cameras, images were collected at night, utilizing the camera’s built-in night vision feature. A total of 4200 sliced night-captured images were used for training, 200 for validation, and 100 for testing, employed on the YOLOv5m, YOLOv7, and CenterNet models for comparison. The results showed that YOLOv7 was the most accurate in detecting sooty molds at night, with 74.4% mAP compared to YOLOv5m (72%) and CenterNet (70.3%). The models were also tested using preprocessed (unsliced) night images and day-captured sliced and unsliced images. The testing on preprocessed (unsliced) night images demonstrated the same trend as the training results, with YOLOv7 performing best compared to YOLOv5m and CenterNet. In contrast, testing on the day-captured images had underwhelming outcomes for both sliced and unsliced images. In general, YOLOv7 performed best in detecting sooty mold infections at night on citrus canopy and showed promising potential in real-time orchard disease monitoring and detection. Moreover, this study demonstrated that utilizing a cost-effective surveillance camera and deep learning algorithms can accurately detect sooty molds at night, enabling growers to effectively monitor and identify occurrences of the disease at the canopy level.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8519sooty moldcitrusdeep learningYOLOCenterNet |
| spellingShingle | Bryan Vivas Apacionado Tofael Ahamed Sooty Mold Detection on Citrus Tree Canopy Using Deep Learning Algorithms Sensors sooty mold citrus deep learning YOLO CenterNet |
| title | Sooty Mold Detection on Citrus Tree Canopy Using Deep Learning Algorithms |
| title_full | Sooty Mold Detection on Citrus Tree Canopy Using Deep Learning Algorithms |
| title_fullStr | Sooty Mold Detection on Citrus Tree Canopy Using Deep Learning Algorithms |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sooty Mold Detection on Citrus Tree Canopy Using Deep Learning Algorithms |
| title_short | Sooty Mold Detection on Citrus Tree Canopy Using Deep Learning Algorithms |
| title_sort | sooty mold detection on citrus tree canopy using deep learning algorithms |
| topic | sooty mold citrus deep learning YOLO CenterNet |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8519 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bryanvivasapacionado sootymolddetectiononcitrustreecanopyusingdeeplearningalgorithms AT tofaelahamed sootymolddetectiononcitrustreecanopyusingdeeplearningalgorithms |