Quantification of VOC Emissions from Carbonized Refuse-Derived Fuel Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
In this work, for the first time, the volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from carbonized refuse-derived fuel (CRDF) were quantified on a laboratory scale. The analyzed CRDF was generated from the torrefaction of municipal waste. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatogra...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2018-12-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/12/3208 |
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| author | Andrzej Białowiec Monika Micuda Antoni Szumny Jacek Łyczko Jacek A. Koziel |
| author_facet | Andrzej Białowiec Monika Micuda Antoni Szumny Jacek Łyczko Jacek A. Koziel |
| author_sort | Andrzej Białowiec |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this work, for the first time, the volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from carbonized refuse-derived fuel (CRDF) were quantified on a laboratory scale. The analyzed CRDF was generated from the torrefaction of municipal waste. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify 84 VOCs, including many that are toxic, e.g., derivatives of benzene or toluene. The highest emissions were measured for nonanal, octanal, and heptanal. The top 10 most emitted VOCs contributed to almost 65% of the total emissions. The VOC mixture emitted from torrefied CRDF differed from that emitted by other types of pyrolyzed biochars, produced from different types of feedstock, and under different pyrolysis conditions. SPME was a useful technology for surveying VOC emissions. Results provide an initial database of the types and relative quantities of VOCs emitted from CRDF. This data is needed for further development of CRDF technology and comprehensive assessment of environmental impact and practical storage, transport, and potential adoption of CRDF as means of energy and resource recovery from municipal waste. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-19T04:04:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5404a3069c994b62a4e0f29798251fd7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-19T04:04:30Z |
| publishDate | 2018-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-5404a3069c994b62a4e0f29798251fd72022-12-21T20:36:34ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492018-12-012312320810.3390/molecules23123208molecules23123208Quantification of VOC Emissions from Carbonized Refuse-Derived Fuel Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryAndrzej Białowiec0Monika Micuda1Antoni Szumny2Jacek Łyczko3Jacek A. Koziel4Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław 50-375, PolandFaculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław 50-375, PolandFaculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław 50-375, PolandFaculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław 50-375, PolandDepartment of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames IA 50011, USAIn this work, for the first time, the volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from carbonized refuse-derived fuel (CRDF) were quantified on a laboratory scale. The analyzed CRDF was generated from the torrefaction of municipal waste. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify 84 VOCs, including many that are toxic, e.g., derivatives of benzene or toluene. The highest emissions were measured for nonanal, octanal, and heptanal. The top 10 most emitted VOCs contributed to almost 65% of the total emissions. The VOC mixture emitted from torrefied CRDF differed from that emitted by other types of pyrolyzed biochars, produced from different types of feedstock, and under different pyrolysis conditions. SPME was a useful technology for surveying VOC emissions. Results provide an initial database of the types and relative quantities of VOCs emitted from CRDF. This data is needed for further development of CRDF technology and comprehensive assessment of environmental impact and practical storage, transport, and potential adoption of CRDF as means of energy and resource recovery from municipal waste.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/12/3208volatile organic compoundstorrefactionwaste to carbonbiocharmunicipal solid wasteSPME |
| spellingShingle | Andrzej Białowiec Monika Micuda Antoni Szumny Jacek Łyczko Jacek A. Koziel Quantification of VOC Emissions from Carbonized Refuse-Derived Fuel Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Molecules volatile organic compounds torrefaction waste to carbon biochar municipal solid waste SPME |
| title | Quantification of VOC Emissions from Carbonized Refuse-Derived Fuel Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry |
| title_full | Quantification of VOC Emissions from Carbonized Refuse-Derived Fuel Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry |
| title_fullStr | Quantification of VOC Emissions from Carbonized Refuse-Derived Fuel Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry |
| title_full_unstemmed | Quantification of VOC Emissions from Carbonized Refuse-Derived Fuel Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry |
| title_short | Quantification of VOC Emissions from Carbonized Refuse-Derived Fuel Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry |
| title_sort | quantification of voc emissions from carbonized refuse derived fuel using solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry |
| topic | volatile organic compounds torrefaction waste to carbon biochar municipal solid waste SPME |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/12/3208 |
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