Long-term toxicity of chlorpromazine, diclofenac and two lanthanides on three generations of Ceriodaphnia dubia
Amultigenerational study on Ceriodaphnia dubia was carried out by exposing three subsequent generations to pharmaceuticals chlorpromazine (CPZ) and diclofenac (DCF), and two lanthanide chlorides, gadolinium as GdCl3 and europium as EuCl3. As the treatments, environmentally relevant concentrations we...
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PeerJ Inc.
2023-11-01
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| author | Brigita Gylytė Viktoria Martinyuk Reda Cimmperman Rolandas Karitonas Oksana Stoliar Levonas Manusadžianas |
| author_facet | Brigita Gylytė Viktoria Martinyuk Reda Cimmperman Rolandas Karitonas Oksana Stoliar Levonas Manusadžianas |
| author_sort | Brigita Gylytė |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Amultigenerational study on Ceriodaphnia dubia was carried out by exposing three subsequent generations to pharmaceuticals chlorpromazine (CPZ) and diclofenac (DCF), and two lanthanide chlorides, gadolinium as GdCl3 and europium as EuCl3. As the treatments, environmentally relevant concentrations were chosen (0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 mg/L for CPZ; 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/L for DCF; 0.425, 4.25 and 42.5 µg/L for Gd and 0.41, 4.1 and 41 µg/L for Eu). Survival, population growth and reproduction success were evaluated at 21 and 30 days of exposure, and the whole observation period lasted 40 days. The least sensitive to all selected substances was the first daphnid generation (F1). Within 21-day exposure, no significant effects of the psychotropic drug CPZ on C. dubia survival were observed in generations F1–F3. The anti-inflammatory drug DCF did not affect survival in the F1 generation; however, it significantly reduced survival in the F3 generation at 1–10 mg/L. Both lanthanides did not affect survival in the F1 and F2 generations of C. dubia but considerably decreased survival in the F3 at 4–42 µg/L. Both pharmaceuticals stimulated the reproduction of C. dubia in the F1 generation, while inhibition occurred at the highest tested concentrations in generations F2 and F3. The inhibitory effect on the reproductive success of lanthanides in the F2 generation resembled that for CPZ but not for DCF. The dynamics of adverse effects during the 21–30-day period revealed that despite increased mortality in the controls (up to 30%), concentrations used in the study minified, in most instances, the survival and aggravated population growth and reproduction success of C. dubia. Our data suggest that C. dubia as a test organism can be used for 21 days in multigenerational investigations, especially when testing close to environmental concentrations. In this respect, the standard C. dubia chronic toxicity assay seems limited since prolonged observations and several generations of daphnids are required to obtain reliable information for the risk assessment of potentially aggressive chemicals. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:15:20Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-54253303aa6748e9a5e3467eaee12827 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2167-8359 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:15:20Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-54253303aa6748e9a5e3467eaee128272023-11-22T15:05:20ZengPeerJ Inc.PeerJ2167-83592023-11-0111e1647210.7717/peerj.16472Long-term toxicity of chlorpromazine, diclofenac and two lanthanides on three generations of Ceriodaphnia dubiaBrigita Gylytė0Viktoria Martinyuk1Reda Cimmperman2Rolandas Karitonas3Oksana Stoliar4Levonas Manusadžianas5Nature Research Centre, Institute of Botany, Vilnius, LithuaniaTernopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, UkraineNature Research Centre, Institute of Botany, Vilnius, LithuaniaNature Research Centre, Institute of Botany, Vilnius, LithuaniaTernopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, UkraineNature Research Centre, Institute of Botany, Vilnius, LithuaniaAmultigenerational study on Ceriodaphnia dubia was carried out by exposing three subsequent generations to pharmaceuticals chlorpromazine (CPZ) and diclofenac (DCF), and two lanthanide chlorides, gadolinium as GdCl3 and europium as EuCl3. As the treatments, environmentally relevant concentrations were chosen (0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 mg/L for CPZ; 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/L for DCF; 0.425, 4.25 and 42.5 µg/L for Gd and 0.41, 4.1 and 41 µg/L for Eu). Survival, population growth and reproduction success were evaluated at 21 and 30 days of exposure, and the whole observation period lasted 40 days. The least sensitive to all selected substances was the first daphnid generation (F1). Within 21-day exposure, no significant effects of the psychotropic drug CPZ on C. dubia survival were observed in generations F1–F3. The anti-inflammatory drug DCF did not affect survival in the F1 generation; however, it significantly reduced survival in the F3 generation at 1–10 mg/L. Both lanthanides did not affect survival in the F1 and F2 generations of C. dubia but considerably decreased survival in the F3 at 4–42 µg/L. Both pharmaceuticals stimulated the reproduction of C. dubia in the F1 generation, while inhibition occurred at the highest tested concentrations in generations F2 and F3. The inhibitory effect on the reproductive success of lanthanides in the F2 generation resembled that for CPZ but not for DCF. The dynamics of adverse effects during the 21–30-day period revealed that despite increased mortality in the controls (up to 30%), concentrations used in the study minified, in most instances, the survival and aggravated population growth and reproduction success of C. dubia. Our data suggest that C. dubia as a test organism can be used for 21 days in multigenerational investigations, especially when testing close to environmental concentrations. In this respect, the standard C. dubia chronic toxicity assay seems limited since prolonged observations and several generations of daphnids are required to obtain reliable information for the risk assessment of potentially aggressive chemicals.https://peerj.com/articles/16472.pdfCeriodaphnia dubiaChlorpromazineDiclofenacLanthanidesGadoliniumEuropium |
| spellingShingle | Brigita Gylytė Viktoria Martinyuk Reda Cimmperman Rolandas Karitonas Oksana Stoliar Levonas Manusadžianas Long-term toxicity of chlorpromazine, diclofenac and two lanthanides on three generations of Ceriodaphnia dubia PeerJ Ceriodaphnia dubia Chlorpromazine Diclofenac Lanthanides Gadolinium Europium |
| title | Long-term toxicity of chlorpromazine, diclofenac and two lanthanides on three generations of Ceriodaphnia dubia |
| title_full | Long-term toxicity of chlorpromazine, diclofenac and two lanthanides on three generations of Ceriodaphnia dubia |
| title_fullStr | Long-term toxicity of chlorpromazine, diclofenac and two lanthanides on three generations of Ceriodaphnia dubia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Long-term toxicity of chlorpromazine, diclofenac and two lanthanides on three generations of Ceriodaphnia dubia |
| title_short | Long-term toxicity of chlorpromazine, diclofenac and two lanthanides on three generations of Ceriodaphnia dubia |
| title_sort | long term toxicity of chlorpromazine diclofenac and two lanthanides on three generations of ceriodaphnia dubia |
| topic | Ceriodaphnia dubia Chlorpromazine Diclofenac Lanthanides Gadolinium Europium |
| url | https://peerj.com/articles/16472.pdf |
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