Analysis of the Toll and Spaetzle Genes Involved in Toll Pathway-Dependent Antimicrobial Gene Induction in the Red Flour Beetle, <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Coleoptera; Tenebrionidae)

Analysis of the Toll and Spaetzle Genes Involved in Toll Pathway-Dependent Antimicrobial Gene Induction in the Red Flour Beetle, <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Coleoptera; Tenebrionidae)

Insects rely only on their innate immune system to protect themselves from pathogens. Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production is the main immune reaction in insects. In <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, the reaction is regulated mainly by the Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) pathways. Spaet...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Daiki Kato, Ken Miura, Kakeru Yokoi
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2023-01-01
Series:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Subjects:
Toll
spaetzle
<i>Tribolium castaneum</i>
Toll pathway
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/2/1523

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