St. Louis Encephalitis Virus in the Southwestern United States: A Phylogeographic Case for a Multi-Variant Introduction Event
Since the reemergence of St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE) Virus (SLEV) in the Southwest United States, identified during the 2015 outbreak in Arizona, SLEV has been seasonally detected within Culex spp. populations throughout the Southwest United States. Previous work revealed the 2015 outbreak was caus...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-06-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Genetics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2021.667895/full |
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| author | Chase L. Ridenour Chase L. Ridenour Jill Cocking Jill Cocking Samuel Poidmore Daryn Erickson Breezy Brock Michael Valentine Chandler C. Roe Chandler C. Roe Steven J. Young Jennifer A. Henke Kim Y. Hung Jeremy Wittie Elene Stefanakos Chris Sumner Martha Ruedas Vivek Raman Nicole Seaton William Bendik Heidie M. Hornstra O’Neill Krystal Sheridan Krystal Sheridan Heather Centner Darrin Lemmer Viacheslav Fofanov Viacheslav Fofanov Kirk Smith James Will John Townsend Jeffrey T. Foster Paul S. Keim Paul S. Keim David M. Engelthaler Crystal M. Hepp Crystal M. Hepp |
| author_facet | Chase L. Ridenour Chase L. Ridenour Jill Cocking Jill Cocking Samuel Poidmore Daryn Erickson Breezy Brock Michael Valentine Chandler C. Roe Chandler C. Roe Steven J. Young Jennifer A. Henke Kim Y. Hung Jeremy Wittie Elene Stefanakos Chris Sumner Martha Ruedas Vivek Raman Nicole Seaton William Bendik Heidie M. Hornstra O’Neill Krystal Sheridan Krystal Sheridan Heather Centner Darrin Lemmer Viacheslav Fofanov Viacheslav Fofanov Kirk Smith James Will John Townsend Jeffrey T. Foster Paul S. Keim Paul S. Keim David M. Engelthaler Crystal M. Hepp Crystal M. Hepp |
| author_sort | Chase L. Ridenour |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Since the reemergence of St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE) Virus (SLEV) in the Southwest United States, identified during the 2015 outbreak in Arizona, SLEV has been seasonally detected within Culex spp. populations throughout the Southwest United States. Previous work revealed the 2015 outbreak was caused by an importation of SLEV genotype III, which had only been detected previously in Argentina. However, little is known about when the importation occurred or the transmission and genetic dynamics since its arrival into the Southwest. In this study, we sought to determine whether the annual detection of SLEV in the Southwest is due to enzootic cycling or new importations. To address this question, we analyzed 174 SLEV genomes (142 sequenced as part of this study) using Bayesian phylogenetic analyses to estimate the date of arrival into the American Southwest and characterize the underlying population structure of SLEV. Phylogenetic clustering showed that SLEV variants circulating in Maricopa and Riverside counties form two distinct populations with little evidence of inter-county transmission since the onset of the outbreak. Alternatively, it appears that in 2019, Yuma and Clark counties experienced annual importations of SLEV that originated in Riverside and Maricopa counties. Finally, the earliest representatives of SLEV genotype III in the Southwest form a polytomy that includes both California and Arizona samples. We propose that the initial outbreak most likely resulted from the importation of a population of SLEV genotype III variants, perhaps in multiple birds, possibly multiple species, migrating north in 2013, rather than a single variant introduced by one bird. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T16:28:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-54a0ed11711a4094b1d247a86beb9f7d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-8021 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T16:28:18Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Genetics |
| spelling | doaj.art-54a0ed11711a4094b1d247a86beb9f7d2022-12-21T18:57:24ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Genetics1664-80212021-06-011210.3389/fgene.2021.667895667895St. Louis Encephalitis Virus in the Southwestern United States: A Phylogeographic Case for a Multi-Variant Introduction EventChase L. Ridenour0Chase L. Ridenour1Jill Cocking2Jill Cocking3Samuel Poidmore4Daryn Erickson5Breezy Brock6Michael Valentine7Chandler C. Roe8Chandler C. Roe9Steven J. Young10Jennifer A. Henke11Kim Y. Hung12Jeremy Wittie13Elene Stefanakos14Chris Sumner15Martha Ruedas16Vivek Raman17Nicole Seaton18William Bendik19Heidie M. Hornstra O’Neill20Krystal Sheridan21Krystal Sheridan22Heather Centner23Darrin Lemmer24Viacheslav Fofanov25Viacheslav Fofanov26Kirk Smith27James Will28John Townsend29Jeffrey T. Foster30Paul S. Keim31Paul S. Keim32David M. Engelthaler33Crystal M. Hepp34Crystal M. Hepp35School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United StatesThe Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United StatesSchool of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United StatesThe Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United StatesThe Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United StatesThe Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United StatesThe Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United StatesTranslational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, United StatesSchool of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United StatesThe Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United StatesVector Control Division, Maricopa County Environmental Services Department, Phoenix, AZ, United StatesCoachella Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District, Indio, CA, United StatesCoachella Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District, Indio, CA, United StatesCoachella Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District, Indio, CA, United StatesYuma County Pest Abatement District, Yuma, AZ, United StatesYuma County Pest Abatement District, Yuma, AZ, United StatesYuma County Pest Abatement District, Yuma, AZ, United StatesSouthern Nevada Health District, Las Vegas, NV, United StatesSouthern Nevada Health District, Las Vegas, NV, United StatesSouthern Nevada Health District, Las Vegas, NV, United StatesThe Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United StatesThe Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United StatesTranslational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, United StatesTranslational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, United StatesTranslational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, United StatesSchool of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United StatesThe Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United StatesVector Control Division, Maricopa County Environmental Services Department, Phoenix, AZ, United StatesVector Control Division, Maricopa County Environmental Services Department, Phoenix, AZ, United StatesVector Control Division, Maricopa County Environmental Services Department, Phoenix, AZ, United StatesThe Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United StatesThe Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United StatesTranslational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, United StatesTranslational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, United StatesSchool of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United StatesThe Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United StatesSince the reemergence of St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE) Virus (SLEV) in the Southwest United States, identified during the 2015 outbreak in Arizona, SLEV has been seasonally detected within Culex spp. populations throughout the Southwest United States. Previous work revealed the 2015 outbreak was caused by an importation of SLEV genotype III, which had only been detected previously in Argentina. However, little is known about when the importation occurred or the transmission and genetic dynamics since its arrival into the Southwest. In this study, we sought to determine whether the annual detection of SLEV in the Southwest is due to enzootic cycling or new importations. To address this question, we analyzed 174 SLEV genomes (142 sequenced as part of this study) using Bayesian phylogenetic analyses to estimate the date of arrival into the American Southwest and characterize the underlying population structure of SLEV. Phylogenetic clustering showed that SLEV variants circulating in Maricopa and Riverside counties form two distinct populations with little evidence of inter-county transmission since the onset of the outbreak. Alternatively, it appears that in 2019, Yuma and Clark counties experienced annual importations of SLEV that originated in Riverside and Maricopa counties. Finally, the earliest representatives of SLEV genotype III in the Southwest form a polytomy that includes both California and Arizona samples. We propose that the initial outbreak most likely resulted from the importation of a population of SLEV genotype III variants, perhaps in multiple birds, possibly multiple species, migrating north in 2013, rather than a single variant introduced by one bird.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2021.667895/fullSt. Louis encephalitis virusBEASTgenomicsphylogenetic analysisCulex mosquitoes |
| spellingShingle | Chase L. Ridenour Chase L. Ridenour Jill Cocking Jill Cocking Samuel Poidmore Daryn Erickson Breezy Brock Michael Valentine Chandler C. Roe Chandler C. Roe Steven J. Young Jennifer A. Henke Kim Y. Hung Jeremy Wittie Elene Stefanakos Chris Sumner Martha Ruedas Vivek Raman Nicole Seaton William Bendik Heidie M. Hornstra O’Neill Krystal Sheridan Krystal Sheridan Heather Centner Darrin Lemmer Viacheslav Fofanov Viacheslav Fofanov Kirk Smith James Will John Townsend Jeffrey T. Foster Paul S. Keim Paul S. Keim David M. Engelthaler Crystal M. Hepp Crystal M. Hepp St. Louis Encephalitis Virus in the Southwestern United States: A Phylogeographic Case for a Multi-Variant Introduction Event Frontiers in Genetics St. Louis encephalitis virus BEAST genomics phylogenetic analysis Culex mosquitoes |
| title | St. Louis Encephalitis Virus in the Southwestern United States: A Phylogeographic Case for a Multi-Variant Introduction Event |
| title_full | St. Louis Encephalitis Virus in the Southwestern United States: A Phylogeographic Case for a Multi-Variant Introduction Event |
| title_fullStr | St. Louis Encephalitis Virus in the Southwestern United States: A Phylogeographic Case for a Multi-Variant Introduction Event |
| title_full_unstemmed | St. Louis Encephalitis Virus in the Southwestern United States: A Phylogeographic Case for a Multi-Variant Introduction Event |
| title_short | St. Louis Encephalitis Virus in the Southwestern United States: A Phylogeographic Case for a Multi-Variant Introduction Event |
| title_sort | st louis encephalitis virus in the southwestern united states a phylogeographic case for a multi variant introduction event |
| topic | St. Louis encephalitis virus BEAST genomics phylogenetic analysis Culex mosquitoes |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2021.667895/full |
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