The Application of Picein Wax Carbon Composite Electrode for Plant-Based Milk Profiling
This work demonstrates the successful application of the picein wax carbon composite electrode (PWCCE) for profiling both commercial and homemade plant milks. Picein wax was utilized as an unconventional binder. The resulting electrode paste exhibited a solidified and hard texture, enabling its use...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Chemosensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/11/10/513 |
| _version_ | 1797574265708478464 |
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| author | Szymon Wójcik Jan Wyrwa Filip Ciepiela Małgorzata Jakubowska |
| author_facet | Szymon Wójcik Jan Wyrwa Filip Ciepiela Małgorzata Jakubowska |
| author_sort | Szymon Wójcik |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This work demonstrates the successful application of the picein wax carbon composite electrode (PWCCE) for profiling both commercial and homemade plant milks. Picein wax was utilized as an unconventional binder. The resulting electrode paste exhibited a solidified and hard texture, enabling its use in a manner analogous to that of the glassy carbon electrode. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) with an automated measurement and recording procedure was employed to obtain plant-based milk profiles. The utilization of operator-independent measurement procedures yielded high-quality electrochemical fingerprints suitable for subsequent calculations. To interpret the data, unsupervised machine learning methods were implemented, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. These chemometric techniques confirmed the electrode effectiveness of the construction for this type of research. Moreover, they proved valuable in distinguishing between plant-based milk and cow’s milk, including two different variants: whole milk and lactose-free milk. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:21:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-54e3c30606d04d33b908f9c77c6433ec |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9040 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:21:32Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Chemosensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-54e3c30606d04d33b908f9c77c6433ec2023-11-19T16:03:37ZengMDPI AGChemosensors2227-90402023-09-01111051310.3390/chemosensors11100513The Application of Picein Wax Carbon Composite Electrode for Plant-Based Milk ProfilingSzymon Wójcik0Jan Wyrwa1Filip Ciepiela2Małgorzata Jakubowska3Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, PolandFaculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, PolandFaculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, PolandFaculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, PolandThis work demonstrates the successful application of the picein wax carbon composite electrode (PWCCE) for profiling both commercial and homemade plant milks. Picein wax was utilized as an unconventional binder. The resulting electrode paste exhibited a solidified and hard texture, enabling its use in a manner analogous to that of the glassy carbon electrode. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) with an automated measurement and recording procedure was employed to obtain plant-based milk profiles. The utilization of operator-independent measurement procedures yielded high-quality electrochemical fingerprints suitable for subsequent calculations. To interpret the data, unsupervised machine learning methods were implemented, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. These chemometric techniques confirmed the electrode effectiveness of the construction for this type of research. Moreover, they proved valuable in distinguishing between plant-based milk and cow’s milk, including two different variants: whole milk and lactose-free milk.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/11/10/513picein wax carbon composite electrodedifferential pulse voltammetryplant-based milk profilingvegan dietunsupervised chemometric models |
| spellingShingle | Szymon Wójcik Jan Wyrwa Filip Ciepiela Małgorzata Jakubowska The Application of Picein Wax Carbon Composite Electrode for Plant-Based Milk Profiling Chemosensors picein wax carbon composite electrode differential pulse voltammetry plant-based milk profiling vegan diet unsupervised chemometric models |
| title | The Application of Picein Wax Carbon Composite Electrode for Plant-Based Milk Profiling |
| title_full | The Application of Picein Wax Carbon Composite Electrode for Plant-Based Milk Profiling |
| title_fullStr | The Application of Picein Wax Carbon Composite Electrode for Plant-Based Milk Profiling |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Application of Picein Wax Carbon Composite Electrode for Plant-Based Milk Profiling |
| title_short | The Application of Picein Wax Carbon Composite Electrode for Plant-Based Milk Profiling |
| title_sort | application of picein wax carbon composite electrode for plant based milk profiling |
| topic | picein wax carbon composite electrode differential pulse voltammetry plant-based milk profiling vegan diet unsupervised chemometric models |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/11/10/513 |
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