Gastrointestinal Microbiome and Neurologic Injury
Communication between the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the central nervous system (CNS) is vital for maintaining systemic homeostasis. Intrinsic and extrinsic neurological inputs of the gut regulate blood flow, peristalsis, hormone release, and immunological fu...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Biomedicines |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/2/500 |
| _version_ | 1797482335575212032 |
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| author | Eric J. Panther William Dodd Alec Clark Brandon Lucke-Wold |
| author_facet | Eric J. Panther William Dodd Alec Clark Brandon Lucke-Wold |
| author_sort | Eric J. Panther |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Communication between the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the central nervous system (CNS) is vital for maintaining systemic homeostasis. Intrinsic and extrinsic neurological inputs of the gut regulate blood flow, peristalsis, hormone release, and immunological function. The health of the gut microbiome plays a vital role in regulating the overall function and well-being of the individual. Microbes release short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that regulate G-protein-coupled receptors to mediate hormone release, neurotransmitter release (i.e., serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine, and histamine), and regulate inflammation and mood. Further gaseous factors (i.e., nitric oxide) are important in regulating inflammation and have a response in injury. Neurologic injuries such as ischemic stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular lesions can all lead to gut dysbiosis. Additionally, unfavorable alterations in the composition of the microbiota may be associated with increased risk for these neurologic injuries due to increased proinflammatory molecules and clotting factors. Interventions such as probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and oral SCFAs have been shown to stabilize and improve the composition of the microbiome. However, the effect this has on neurologic injury prevention and recovery has not been studied extensively. The purpose of this review is to elaborate on the complex relationship between the nervous system and the microbiome and to report how neurologic injury modulates the status of the microbiome. Finally, we will propose various interventions that may be beneficial in the recovery from neurologic injury. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:30:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-550131108cf64717b161ee0e3fbfe2cd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:30:49Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj.art-550131108cf64717b161ee0e3fbfe2cd2023-11-23T18:56:35ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592022-02-0110250010.3390/biomedicines10020500Gastrointestinal Microbiome and Neurologic InjuryEric J. Panther0William Dodd1Alec Clark2Brandon Lucke-Wold3Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USACollege of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USACollege of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USADepartment of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USACommunication between the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the central nervous system (CNS) is vital for maintaining systemic homeostasis. Intrinsic and extrinsic neurological inputs of the gut regulate blood flow, peristalsis, hormone release, and immunological function. The health of the gut microbiome plays a vital role in regulating the overall function and well-being of the individual. Microbes release short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that regulate G-protein-coupled receptors to mediate hormone release, neurotransmitter release (i.e., serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine, and histamine), and regulate inflammation and mood. Further gaseous factors (i.e., nitric oxide) are important in regulating inflammation and have a response in injury. Neurologic injuries such as ischemic stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular lesions can all lead to gut dysbiosis. Additionally, unfavorable alterations in the composition of the microbiota may be associated with increased risk for these neurologic injuries due to increased proinflammatory molecules and clotting factors. Interventions such as probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and oral SCFAs have been shown to stabilize and improve the composition of the microbiome. However, the effect this has on neurologic injury prevention and recovery has not been studied extensively. The purpose of this review is to elaborate on the complex relationship between the nervous system and the microbiome and to report how neurologic injury modulates the status of the microbiome. Finally, we will propose various interventions that may be beneficial in the recovery from neurologic injury.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/2/500gut microbiomeneurologic injuryenteric nervous systememerging approaches |
| spellingShingle | Eric J. Panther William Dodd Alec Clark Brandon Lucke-Wold Gastrointestinal Microbiome and Neurologic Injury Biomedicines gut microbiome neurologic injury enteric nervous system emerging approaches |
| title | Gastrointestinal Microbiome and Neurologic Injury |
| title_full | Gastrointestinal Microbiome and Neurologic Injury |
| title_fullStr | Gastrointestinal Microbiome and Neurologic Injury |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gastrointestinal Microbiome and Neurologic Injury |
| title_short | Gastrointestinal Microbiome and Neurologic Injury |
| title_sort | gastrointestinal microbiome and neurologic injury |
| topic | gut microbiome neurologic injury enteric nervous system emerging approaches |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/2/500 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ericjpanther gastrointestinalmicrobiomeandneurologicinjury AT williamdodd gastrointestinalmicrobiomeandneurologicinjury AT alecclark gastrointestinalmicrobiomeandneurologicinjury AT brandonluckewold gastrointestinalmicrobiomeandneurologicinjury |