Upconversion Nanostructures Applied in Theranostic Systems
Upconversion (UC) nanostructures, which can upconvert near-infrared (NIR) light with low energy to visible or UV light with higher energy, are investigated for theranostic applications. The surface of lanthanide (Ln)-doped UC nanostructures can be modified with different functional groups and biocon...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/16/9003 |
| _version_ | 1797444846952120320 |
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| author | Chao Lu Etienne Joulin Howyn Tang Hossein Pouri Jin Zhang |
| author_facet | Chao Lu Etienne Joulin Howyn Tang Hossein Pouri Jin Zhang |
| author_sort | Chao Lu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Upconversion (UC) nanostructures, which can upconvert near-infrared (NIR) light with low energy to visible or UV light with higher energy, are investigated for theranostic applications. The surface of lanthanide (Ln)-doped UC nanostructures can be modified with different functional groups and bioconjugated with biomolecules for therapeutic systems. On the other hand, organic molecular-based UC nanostructures, by using the triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) UC mechanism, have high UC quantum yields and do not require high excitation power. In this review, the major UC mechanisms in different nanostructures have been introduced, including the Ln-doped UC mechanism and the TTA UC mechanism. The design and fabrication of Ln-doped UC nanostructures and TTA UC-based UC nanostructures for theranostic applications have been reviewed and discussed. In addition, the current progress in the application of UC nanostructures for diagnosis and therapy has been summarized, including tumor-targeted bioimaging and chemotherapy, image-guided diagnosis and phototherapy, NIR-triggered controlled drug releasing and bioimaging. We also provide insight into the development of emerging UC nanostructures in the field of theranostics. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:18:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-550edf18dced446e8876127930b5dc7c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:18:22Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-550edf18dced446e8876127930b5dc7c2023-11-30T21:33:20ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-08-012316900310.3390/ijms23169003Upconversion Nanostructures Applied in Theranostic SystemsChao Lu0Etienne Joulin1Howyn Tang2Hossein Pouri3Jin Zhang4Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, CanadaDepartment of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, CanadaSchool of Biomedical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, CanadaDepartment of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, CanadaDepartment of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, CanadaUpconversion (UC) nanostructures, which can upconvert near-infrared (NIR) light with low energy to visible or UV light with higher energy, are investigated for theranostic applications. The surface of lanthanide (Ln)-doped UC nanostructures can be modified with different functional groups and bioconjugated with biomolecules for therapeutic systems. On the other hand, organic molecular-based UC nanostructures, by using the triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) UC mechanism, have high UC quantum yields and do not require high excitation power. In this review, the major UC mechanisms in different nanostructures have been introduced, including the Ln-doped UC mechanism and the TTA UC mechanism. The design and fabrication of Ln-doped UC nanostructures and TTA UC-based UC nanostructures for theranostic applications have been reviewed and discussed. In addition, the current progress in the application of UC nanostructures for diagnosis and therapy has been summarized, including tumor-targeted bioimaging and chemotherapy, image-guided diagnosis and phototherapy, NIR-triggered controlled drug releasing and bioimaging. We also provide insight into the development of emerging UC nanostructures in the field of theranostics.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/16/9003upconversion nanomaterialstheranostic systemlanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticlestriplet-triplet annihilation upconversionbiosensingdrug carriers |
| spellingShingle | Chao Lu Etienne Joulin Howyn Tang Hossein Pouri Jin Zhang Upconversion Nanostructures Applied in Theranostic Systems International Journal of Molecular Sciences upconversion nanomaterials theranostic system lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion biosensing drug carriers |
| title | Upconversion Nanostructures Applied in Theranostic Systems |
| title_full | Upconversion Nanostructures Applied in Theranostic Systems |
| title_fullStr | Upconversion Nanostructures Applied in Theranostic Systems |
| title_full_unstemmed | Upconversion Nanostructures Applied in Theranostic Systems |
| title_short | Upconversion Nanostructures Applied in Theranostic Systems |
| title_sort | upconversion nanostructures applied in theranostic systems |
| topic | upconversion nanomaterials theranostic system lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion biosensing drug carriers |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/16/9003 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT chaolu upconversionnanostructuresappliedintheranosticsystems AT etiennejoulin upconversionnanostructuresappliedintheranosticsystems AT howyntang upconversionnanostructuresappliedintheranosticsystems AT hosseinpouri upconversionnanostructuresappliedintheranosticsystems AT jinzhang upconversionnanostructuresappliedintheranosticsystems |